LALPA ZANRIAH SACRAMENT

Lalpa zanriah sacrament

H. Joseph Lalfakmawia, B. A., B. D., MTh (New Testament)

Lecturer (NT)

Master’s College of Theology

Visakhapatnam

09000068312

hjosephlfma@yahoo.com

Krista thihna leh thawhlehna hriat reng nana chhang leh uaiin chanho hi Lalpa Zanriah chu a ni a, hun kal tawha Krista thihna hriat reng nana buatsaih, amah leh kan ringtu puite nena kan inpawlna, a lo kal lehna thlir chung a chan tur a ni.

A |obul:

Thil sawifiah tur hian thu chauh hi chu a tawk zo \hin lova. Chuvangin thil pawimawh tak tak \henkhat hi chu \awngka-in a sawifiah zo \hin lo. Thu-in a sawifiah zawh loh tam tak hi eng emaw chhinchhiahna (symbol) hian chiang lehzualin a sawifiah thei fo \hin. Entirna tlema zawng lo thlir ila: inneih zungbun hi inneihna taka chu a ni hauh lo nain thil kual naran a ni hauh lo. Kha zungbun kan hmuh rual rual khan a buntu kha chu beisei chi tawh loh, tu ta emaw a ni tih hrilh nawn kan ngai lo. Tu nupui/pasal emaw a ni tawh tih chiang takin a lantir a ni. A thusawi hi a thukin a tak a, awihsak loh atana bun mai mai a ni lo. Zungbun bun hauh lovin “nupui/pasal nei lai ka ni” a tih a tih ai chuan engmah sawi hauh lo mah se a zungbun khan thil engkim a sawifiah a, thua sawi ngai lovin kha symbol khan a sawi kim ta a ni. Hetianga chhinchhiahna pawimawh leh chiang hi Bible-ah kan hmu tam hle: entir nan chhimbal: tui a let leh tawh lovang tih Pathianin a tiam chhinchhiahna; temple: A mite hnenah Pathian a awm tih chhianchhiahna etc.

Sakrament tih hi Bible \awngkam a ni lova; Latin \awng, sacramentum tih a\anga lak a ni a, sipaiten rinawmna thutiam (military oath) an tiam \hin sawi nan an hmang ber.[1] Chhechham emaw rinawmna thutiam emaw tihna a ni bawk.[2] A \obulah chuan rorelna court-a mi/pawl pahnih inkhingten pawisa an dahkham ve ve sawina a ni. Court-in an chung thu a rem hnuah thiam chang zawka pawisa chu an pe kir leh \hin a, thiam loh chang zawka pawisa erawh chu pe kir tawh lovin pathiante hnena thawhlawm atan an serh hrang \hin. He pawisa hi thil thianghlim anga serh a ni a. 

Ruat bik te chauhvin an tawk thiang a ni. Sacramentum hi thil, thianghlim tura serhhran tih sawi nan an hmang zui ta a ni.[3] Heng bakah hian hman dan tlanglawn lehzual a la awm cheu va, chhinchhiahna emaw thutiam urhsun, thil thianghlim leh chhungril zawk lang thei leh hmuh theiha entirna a ni bawk.

A awmzia:

Kohhranin sakramen awmzia a sawifiah dan tlangpui chu hetiang hi a ni: sakrament chu Krista ngeiin amah ringtute hnena chhung lama thlarau malsawmsakna dawnna tura pawn lam hmuh theih chhinchhiahna atana a thil ruat hi a ni.[4]

Sacrament zat:

Sacrament zat thuah hian kohhran hrang hrangte ngaihdan a in ang lo hle a. Quakers leh Salvation Army te chuan an nei lo va, Orthodox Kohhran leh Roman Catholic chuan pasarih (7) an nei a thung. Chungte chu baptisma, Lalpa zanriah, confirmation, penance, orders, matrimony leh extreme unction te an ni. Protestant Kohhran-ho chuan heng zinga pahnih, Baptisma leh Lalpa Zanriah sacrament-te chauh hi sacrament kan pawmte an ni, Isua ngeiin ti tura min tih a nih avangin (Mt 28:19; Lk 22:19; 1 Kor 11:24, 25 etc.).

Lalpa Zanriah sacrament chhuizauna:

A hming:

Lalpa Zanriah sakrament kan tih mai hian kohna hrang hrang a nei a. 1 Korinth ah chuan Lalpa Zanriah (Lord’s Supper) tih a ni a, Tirhkohte Thiltih buah chuan chhang phel (breaking of bread) ti maia hman a ni. Anglican kohhran chuan Inpawlna Thianghlim (Holy Communion) an ti a, Greek kohhran chuan Qurbana an ti thung a, Roman Catholic chuan Mass an ti. Lawmthu Hrilna (Eucharist) tia sawi a ni bawk. Heng zawng zawng hi thil thuhmun, Lalpa Zanriah tihna vek, kohdan hrang mai a ni. 1 Kor 11; Mk 4:22-26; Mt 26:26-30; Lk 22:14-22 te hi Lalpa Zanriah sakrament innghahna leh en bik Bible changte an ni.

Lalpa Zanriah tih \awngkam hi Greek \awng kuriakon deipnon tih a\anga lak a ni a, 1 Kor 11:20-ah kan hmu. Kuriakos tih chu kurios tih a\anga kal, a adjective form a ni a, ‘Lalpa ta’ tihna ang vel a ni. Deipnon tih chu chawpui ber, tlailama an ei \hin (zanriah) hi a ni a, zing lam kamram (morning snack-akratisma) emaw tuk\huan, chhun lama an ei (breakfast-ariston) aia an dah pawimawh zawk a ni.^[5] Lalpa Zanriah hmasa ber kan hmuh theih chu 1 Kor 11:23-26 hi a ni.[6] Paula hian Korinth khuaah hian a tihpui ngei niin a lang. Nimahsela a awm loh hlanin a duh lohzawngin an lo kalpuiin an hmangsual ta a, chumi chungchanga a thu sawi chu kan thu hriatna hnar pawimawh ber a ni ta a ni.

Background

Juda ho ngaih dan chuan an chaw reng reng leh sakhuana hian inzawmna an nei vek a, chuvangin lawmthu sawi \awng\aina an nei zel \hin. Thil engmah hi khawvel thil lawng lawngah an ngai lo a tih theih hial ang.[7] Chaw an ei hma leh an kham hnuah Pathian hnena lawmthu sawi \awng\aina an nei \hin.[8] Chaw ei naranah chuan uaiin hi an in ngei ngei hran lo bawk. [9] Hun bik emaw, mikhual an neih chang emaw chuan chhang leh uaiin an buatsaih \hin.[10] Kristiante hun hma pawhin Judaten an lo ti tawh \hin tihna a nih chu.

Kohhran |iaktira Lalpa Zanriah an Hman Dan:

He Kohhran \iaktir hian Juda Kût zinga pahnih, Kalhlen Kût leh Pentecost Kûtte hi an chhawm nung zel a. Nimahsela Lalpa Zanriah chuan Kalhlen Kût chu a thlak ta a ni.[11] Nisan thla ni 14-ah an hmang \hin.[12] Lalpa Zanriah chu chhang phel leh thu chham, “Hei hi ka taksa a ni,” tih thu hmanga bul \an a lo ni chho ta ni. Chumi hnuah Kristiante chuan chaw an ei khawm zui nghal a, uaiin nen puar khawpin an ei-in \hin a ni awm e.[13]

Korinth Khuaa Lalpa Zanriah an Hman Thu:

Hetia Lalpa Zanriah an kilho hian chhawng hnihin chaw an ei \hin a. A chhawng khatna chu inpawlhona chaw (fellowship meal) an ti mai a, hei hi agape tia hriat zui a ni. A chhawng hnihna chu serh leh sang khawih chaw (cultic meal-Eucharist) an ti. Korinth khuaah erawh chi chuan heng chaw chi hnihte hi sawi hran ni ve bawk mah se thliar hrana ei hran a ni ngai lo awm e.[14]

Mithiam ten an chhui dan chuan Biak In hran an la neih loh avangin Korinth khaw kohhran mite hi Inrinni (Saturday) leh Pathianni (Sunday) zanah (cf. 1 Kor 16:2; Thup 1:10) mi hausate inah (cf. Rom 16:23) an inkhawm mai \hin a, anni chauh hi in lian, kohhranho dawl zo khawp nei thei an nih vang a ni. Heta an inkhawm hian anmahni chaw \heuh rawn la khawmin an in\awm liam liam \hin a. An chaw ei khamah chhang phel leh uaiin inin an tlip zui a, chumi hnuah hian thil tul dang (Bible chhiar, hlasak etc.) an ti chauh thin.^[15]

Korinth khaw Kohhranin Lalpa Zanriah an hmang khaw lo:

Sawi tawh angin Korinth khuaa Kristiante hi mihausate inah an inkhawm mai \hin a. Chaw leh in tur hnianghnarin a awm \hin. Hun a lo kal zel a, Korinth khuaah hian inthliarnate lo awmin he hun pawimawh leh inpawlkhawmna, Kohhranho chaw ei khawm ze dik tak hi an hmang sual \an ta a. Mihausa zawkte chuan anmahni pualin chaw leh sa hnianghnara ei tur an rawn keng \hin a, mi rethei zawkte chuan an khawpkham pawh an keng thei meuh lo. ^[16] Sawi dan pakhatah phei chuan mirethei zawkte lo thlen ve hma hian mihausate hi lo kalin an lo ei hmasa \hin a ni an ti. Miretheite hi an hna thawh avangin an lo kal hma thei si lova, mihausate ken ang an nei ve zo bawk si lo nen an chan a chau \hin hle a ni awm e. Mihausate hi thilphalin inkhawm nan an inte thawh phal mah se la Kristiante zingah meuh pawh khawtlanga in\henna (social division) a lo awm phah ta a ni.^[17]

Hetiang huna Kohhranho inhmuh khawm hunah hian Kristian mihausate hian kohhran mi zawng zawng an sawm vek a ni mai lova, an hausakpuite pawh an sawm \hin. Hemi chungchang thuah hi chuan an bul vela sakhaw dangte tih dan an la deuh a ni awm e. Heng thil zawng zawng thuah hian mihausate hian inthiamlohna pawh an nei ngei reng reng lo a ni an ti.[18]

Paulan kohhran a din khan chu Kohhran chu Krista leh a hnathawhah a innghat tlat a. Nimahsela Korinth khaw Kohhran chuan Lalpa Zanriah an kil khan Lalpa Zanriah nihna leh a thil tum zawng zawng a bawhchhe ta a ni.[19]

Lalpa Zanriah bawhchhiatna hian kawng hnih a hawi a:

1) Horizontal: Mihausaten miretheite rahbeh nan an hmang a. Hei hian kohhran nihphung leh Pathian hmangaihna a kalh a ni. “Min hriat reng nan ti \hin rawh u,” Isuan a tih (Lk 22:19; 1 Kor 11:25) leh “…a lo kal leh hma loh zawng Lalpa thihna chu in entir \hin…” (1 Kor 11:26) a tih kha an bawhchhia a ni.[20]

2) Vertical: Chhang leh uaiin chuan Krista taksa leh thisen a entir a. Kohhranin hei hi a bawhchhiat chuan heng zawng zawng sengtu thihna leh a thawhlehna chu bawhchhiat a ni ta tihna a ni, Kohhran chu Krista taksa a ni si a.[21] Retheite hnuaichhiahtu chuan anmahni (1 Kor 1:26) kotu Pathian dan an bawhchhia a ni nghal bawk.[22]

Korinth Kohhrana Lalpa Zanriah an hman danah hian Kohhran chu pumkhat, Krista taksa, mahni hmasialna reng rengin hmun a chan lohna hmun tur a nihzia a lang ta lo va. Isua mi dangte tana a inpumpekna hriatrengna tura tih chu in\hen darhna leh inthliar nan an hmang ta zawk a ni. [23]

Lalpa Zanriah Sacrament Thiltihtheihna (Efficacy):

Paula zirtirnaah hian Lalpa Zanriah hian thiltihtheihna (efficacy) nei teh meuh mah sela sawi tum ril zawk a nei a ni. Israelte khan Kristianten sakrament kan tih ang tho hi (baptisma leh Lalpa Zanriah/Eucharist) an lo nei tawh \hin a. Nimahsela chu chuan sual lakah a ngial a nganin a veng chuang lo. Chutiang bawkin Korinth Kohhranhote chu an sakrament chan \hin chuan Pathian laka an rinawm lohna (milem biakna) avanga hremna a\angin a chhanhim chuang lo tiin a vaukhang a ni. Paula hian Israel faten Kanan ram an panna kawng kha sawiin Israelte khan van lam chaw (supernatural food-manna) leh van lam tui (lungpui atanga lo chhuak) an eiin an in a. Amaherawhchu chuti chung chuan pathian lem an biak avang te, hmeichhiat mipatna an hman khaw loh avang te leh Pathian laka an hel \hin avang tein Pathian an tithinur \hin tho va ni. Chutiang bawkin sual laka an fihlim loh chuan sakrament chu ei eng ang mah se Pathian thinrimna lak a\angin an fihlim thei chuang lovang tih Paula hian a zirtir a ni.[24]

Lalpa Zanriah chungchanga Paula zirtirna pui ber chu rinnaa Krista nena inpumkhatna hi a ni. Krista chu amah ringtute hnenah a cheng a (Rom 8:10; Gal 2:20; Kol 1:27), ringtute pawh Kristaah an awm bawk a (2 Cor 5:17). Lalpa Zanriah leh Kohhran a suihzawm \ha hle a. Kohhran hian a rilru chhungril tak a luah ni pawhin a lang. Lalpa Zanriah chungchangah pawh hian mimal thu aiin Kohhran ang zawngin a hrilhfiah nasa zawk niin a hriat theih.[25]

Sacrament Eitute:

Protestant pachalten an sawi \hin dan chuan Lalpa Zanriah sakrament hi mi zawng zawng tana buatsaih a ni lova; kohhran member zawng zawngte tana tih a ni hek lo. Tih tak zeta sual sima Krista ringtu dik takte tana serh hran a ni tiin an sawi \hin. Sacrament eitute hi Pathian ringtu, an rinna tihpun deuh deuh duhtu leh nun thianghlimna kawnga \hang zel duh mi an ni tur a ni. Chu bakah chuan Lalpa Zanriah sakrament awmzia leh nihna hrefiah thiam leh ngaihlu mi an ni ngei tur a ni. Kohhran (dan) pawn lama mi reng rengin an ei hauh tur a ni lova. A nihna dik tak an la pawh ve phak loh avangin naupangte pawh an tel a remchang lo a ni. Isua/Krista taksa awmzia an hriat ngei a \ul a vangin naupangte tan tel a remchang lo. Hmuh theih kohhranah kan zavaiin la khawsaho vek mah ila ringlo mi ten Lalpa Zanriah an kil ve a rem lo bawk.

Lalpa Zanriah Sakrament-a Isua A Tel Dan Chungchanga Ngaihdan Inang Lote:

1) Roman Catholic: Puithiamin a hlan thianghlima a \awng\ai lai khan chhang leh uaiinte kha Krista taksa leh thisenah a lo chang (change into) tak tak a ni an ti. He ngaihdan hi transubstantiation an ti. A pawn lam landan, a pianhmang, a rawng, a rim leh a tui dan (taste) te kha chu a la pagngai reng a, nimahsela sakrament changtuin a ei kha chu Krista taksa leh thisen dik tak a ni an ti. A pawnlam landan kha chu a inthlak lo va, amaherawhchu a hmanrua (substance) kha a lo inthlak (change) tak tak a ni an ti. Roman Catholic ngaihdan chuan sakrament chhangah khan Krista taksa chu a hringa hranin a lo tel ve a ni tiin an zirtir. Chuvangin chhandamna kawngah pawh tangkai hlein an ngai a ni.

2) Lutheran Kohhran: Martin Luther-a leh a hnung zuitute chuan a chunga kan sawi Roman Catholic thlir dan, transubstantiation hi an pawm lova. A aiah consubstantiation an vawrh chhuak thung. Martin Luther-a chuan chhang leh uaiinte hi an nihna pangngai la ni rengin chutah chuan Krista a lo tel a ni a ti a. Thir lingah mei a tel angin emaw lapua pawh lapua ni reng chunga tuia chiaha tui a pai angin (lapaw huh chu lapua a la ni reng tho va, mahse tui a pai ta tlat thung ang hian) chhang leh uaiinah Krista taksa a lo tel a ni a ti. Roman Catholic pawm dan nen a hrang the chiam lo.

3) Zwingli-a Thlir Dan: Zwingli-a chuan chawimawia awm tawh Krista, tuna vana awm tawh chuan tisa thil hmun bik a rawn luah turin a ngai lo va, chuvang chuan Lalpa Zanriah chu Lalpa thihna kan hriatrengna (commemoration) tura hmuh theih chhihchhiahna mai a ni a ti. A sawi dan chuan a chunga ngaihdante khi chu thil fiah lo leh rau ruai mai (mysticism) chauh a ni a ti.

4) John Calvin-a Thlir Dan: Calvin-a pawhin chhang leh uaiin-te chu an danglam lo tih a pawm a, amaherawhchu Luther-a angin Isua Krista lo tel ang chuan a pawm lova, Zwingli-a angin hriatrengna angah a ngai bawk hek lo. Krista chu thlarauvin a lo tel a, rinnaa lawm taka lo pawmtute hnenah thlarauvin a lo tel \hin. Chhang leh uaiin chu Krista taksa leh Krista thisen chhuak entirna leh chhinchhiahna thiltithei (effective symbols) a ni a. Krista chu taksain vanah awm mah sela a ringa sakrament changtute hnenah nunna thuchah a thlen \hin a ni a ti. A ni ngaih danah chuan rinna a pawimawh hle.

Sacrament Chan Hlawkna leh Pawimawhnate:

Sacrament hi chhandam leh chhandam loh kawnga thil pawimawh a ni lo va, chhandamna chu Krista rinnaah a innghat zawk a ni. Sacrament hlawkna leh takna hi a hmanruaah a innghat lo. Eng hmanrua pawh hmang ila chung hmanrua ai chuan a thil entir leh tih tak zeta changtutea Thlarau Thianghlim hnathawh chu a pawimawh zawk a ni. A \hehtu-ah a innghat hek lo.[26] A \hehtu chungchanga ngaihdan hi kohhran hmasa lamah inhnialna tam tak a lo awm tawh \hin.

Hemi thu-ah hian Cyprian-a (c. 205-258, Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus an ti bawk) hming a lang hmasa tlat zel. Carthage khaw bishop Donatus-a thih hnu, AD 248-ah Cyprian-a chu Carthage khaw bishop atana thlan a ni ve leh a. AD 249 a lo inher chhuah chuan Emperor Decius-a chuan Kristiante a tihduhdah tan a. Cyprian-a chu a ral tlan ta a.[27]

Hemi tuma kristiante tihduhdahna hian North Africa rama kohhrante inpumkhatna a tichhe nasa hle mai a. Emperor Decius-a chuan Kristian zawng zawngte chu an rinna phatsana milem hmaa inthawina hlan turin a ti a. Kristiante chu an inthawi ngei a ni tih chhinchhiahna certificate an neih loh chuan martar mai turin thu a pe a ni. Hemi tum hian Kristian \hahnem tak chu an martar nghe nghe a. Nimahsela \henkhat chuan chu inthawina chu a a \hena zar an hlan a, \henkhat lehkha lem laa, inthawina certificate pawh nei, inthawi tak tak si lo an awm bawk. Chu’ng hnung tawlh tate chuan Kohhrana lo luh leh an duh a. Cyprian-a chuan lo pawm nghal duak duak mai lovin dam lote chauh sakrament (Lalpa Zanriah) \hehsaka mi dang zawng chu zalenna an hmuh hma leh chu’ng hnungtawlh lo kir leh duhtute chu engtia lo dawnsawn tur nge tih ngaihtuah fel a nih hma chuan pastor an nihna anga ngaihsak chauh tur a ni tiin kohhran hruaitute chu thu a pe a. Nimahsela hetia a thupek khauh tak avang hian Cyprian-a hian thlawptu ai chuan eptu a ngah phah ta zawk a.[28]

Cyprian-a hian ngaihdan fawr tak a nei tlat a. Kohhran (canonical church-Roman Catholic) pawn lamah chuan sakrament hian awmzia a nei lovin a nung hauh lo a ti a. Chuvangin zirtirna dik lova kal peng, kohhran pangngaia lokir lehte chu baptisma chan nawntir zel tur a ni a ti.[29]

Cypriana hian Kohhran a dahsang hle mai a, “Kohhran chu Krista mo, thianghlim leh sual kai lo a ni a, chuvangin nu atana Kohhran nei lotu chuan Pathian hi Pa a tan a nei thei lo (The church is the bride of Christ, pure and incorrupt; therefore, "no one can have God as Father, if he does not have the Church as mother") a ti hial a. Thlarau Thianghlim pawh hian Kohhran chhungah chauh hna a thawk a, chuvangin kohhran pawnah chhandamna a awm lo (Salus extra ecclesiam non est, "There is no salvation outside the church") a ti bur mai a ni.[30]

North Africa lam kohhrante hian Cypriana zirtirna hi an zawm viau niin a lang. Khatia tihduahna avanga hnungtawlhho zingah khan mipui naran chauh an tlu a ni lova, puithiamte pawh an bang bik lo. Chuvangin Kohhran memberte chu puithiam, sualnaa tlu tawhte laka inthiar fihlim turin a ti a ni.[31]

Valerian-a a lo lal hnu-ah chuan Kristiante dodalna thu a chhuah leh a. Hemi \um hian Cyprian-a pawh hi Carthage khaw hmar lamah a raltlan a. A chungchang thu rel a ni a, September 14, 258 ah a lu an tansak ta nge nge a ni.[32]

Donatist an tih mai, Kristian pawl pakhat, an hruaitu pakhat, Donatus-a hming chawia phuah an awm ve bawk a. Africa ram khaw tam takah phei chuan tam lamah Catholic Kohhran an khum hial a ni. An ni hi AD 303-313 chhunga Rome Lal Diocletian-an tihduhdahna runpui a thlak \uma tlu leh hnungtawlh lova ding tluan chhuak, Pathian phatsantu awm ve lo nia inchhal Kohhran Dik Awmchhun inti ngat an ni.

Kohhran ngaih dan chuan Thlarau Thianghlim chu sakrament kaltlangin ringtuteah a thawk \hin a. Donatist-ho chuan sual thuk takin a tihbawlhhlawh ve loh puithiamte \heh/buatsaih sakrament chauh a thianghlimin a nung (valid) a ni, a chhan chu chutiang misual chu Thlarauvin a chhuahsan a, chuvangin an neih hauh loh chu an pe chhuak thei lo a ni an ti. Hei hi Augustine-an a chhang let a, sacrament-ah hian Krista thupek avang chauhvin Thlarau a lo tel a, chuvangin sakrament nun leh nun loh (validity) hi a \hehtu mihring thianghlim leh thianghlim lohvah a innghat lo a ti mai a ni. Hemi phenah hian sakrament chu a hmanrua leh a \hehtuah a innghat lo tih pawm dan hi a lo piang chhuak ta a ni awm e.

Anamnesis:

Sakrament hi tih chhun zawm zel tura thupek a ni a. Chu pawh chu Isua Krista kan hriat reng nan a ni tur a ni. “Min hriat reng nan hei hi ti \hin rawh u,” tih thu hi thu pawimawh tak a ni. A nawm avang te, Kohhran chin \hin dan a nih avanga ti mai lovin, Amah hriat reng nan tih \hin tur a nih chu. He thupek hi a Greek tawng chuan eis ten hemin anamnesin tih a ni a. Heta anamnesin tih hi anamnesis kan tih tak chu a ni a, ‘min hriat reng nan’ (in remembrance of me) tihna a ni.[33] Hriatchhuahtirna (reminder) tihna emaw hriat rengna (memory) tiin a hrilhfiah theih bawk.[34] Conzelmann-a chuan thil thleng tawh hriat thar lehna tura thil tih (commemoration) ni mai lovin sakrament-a Isua a tel thu sawina a ni a ti hial a ni. Chuvangin Lalpa Zanriah hi Isua hriat rengna thil a ni a. Thil kal tawh hriat chhuahna naran a ni lo va, thu tak leh thil dik tak lo thleng tawh tun huna a dikna leh a takna a taka chantir lehna a ni zawk a ni.[35]

Bibliography

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A. J. B. Higgins, The Lord’s Supper in the New Testament. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1952.

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Alappatt, Vincent. “St. Paul’s Contribution to the Understanding of the Lord’s Supper.” Living Word 101/5 (1995): 219-232.

B. Schalles, “Pasca.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament Theology. Vol. I, 634.

Barclay, William. The Lord’s Supper in the New Testament. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1967.

Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. London: Adam & Charles Black, [1968], 1971.

Barrett, C. K. Essays on Paul. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1982.

Barrett, C. K. Paul: An introduction to his Thought. London: Geoffrey Chapman, [1994], 1996.

Bauer, Walter. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2^nd ed. English translated by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich. Rrevised and augmented by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker from Walter Bauer’s fifth edition, 1958. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1979, 58.

Breytenbach, Cilliers. “The Corinthian Church in the First Century A.D.- A Living Church?” Missionalia 14(1986) 01: 3-13.

Buchanan, C. O. “Sacrament.” New Dictionary of Theology. Edited by Ferguson, Sinclair B and David F. Wright. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, [1988], 2003, 606-608.

C. Pazawna, et al, Kristian Thurin. Aizawl: Aizawl Theological College, [1980], 2000.

Christou, Panagiotis C. “Cyprian.” Translated from Greek by Philip M. Mcghee, Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol. 4 (1987): 187-189.

Cilliers Breytenbach, “The Corinthian Church in the First Century A.D.- A Living Church?” Missionalia 14(1986) 01:7.

Conzelmann, Hans. I Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. Hermeneia Series. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975.

Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1987], 1989.

Frend, W. H. C. “Donatism.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by Mircea Eliade. Vol. 4 (1987): 420-421.

G. Bornkamm, “herrenmahl und Kirche bei Paulus,” ZTK 53 (1956) 319, quoted in Vincent Alappatt, “Pauline Perspective on the “Lord’s Supper”,” Bible Bhashyam: An Indian Biblical Quarterly, 26/01 (2000): 7.

Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1987], 1989), 532.

Vanlalauva, H, Rosiamliana Tochhawng, Kristian Theology. Durtlang: Aizawl Theological College, 2004.

Higgins, A. J. B. The Lord’s Supper in the New Testament. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1952.

Hurtado, Larry W. At the Origins of Christian Worship. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999.

Jeremias, Joachim. “pasca,.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vol. V. Edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1967], 1991, 896-904.

Klauck, Hans-Josef. “Lord’s Supper.” Translated by Ewert, David. Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4. Edited by Freedman, David Noel. New York: Doubleday, 1992, 362-372.

Levison, N. The Jewish Background of Christianity. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1932.

Maleparampil, Joseph. “The Account of the Lord’s Supper (1 Corinthians 11, 17-34) and the Marginalized in Corinth.” Living Word 106/05 (2000): 268-275.

Marshall, I. H. “Lord’s Supper.” Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Edited by Hawthorne, Gerald F and Ralph P. Martin. Downers Grove, Il: Inter Varsity Press, 1993, 569-575.

Marshall, I. Howard. Last Supper and Lord’s Supper. Exeter: Paternoster, 1980.

Oesterley, W. O. E. The Jewish Background of the Christian Liturgy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Schaller, B. “pasca (pascha), Passover.” New International Dictionary of the New Testament Theology. Vol. I. Edited by Colin Brown. Exeter: Paternoster Press, 1975, 632-635.

Theissen, Gerd. The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.

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[1] C. O. Buchanan, “Sacrament,” New Dictionary of Theology, edited by Sinclair B. Ferguson and David F. Wright (Leicester: IntarVarsity Press, [1988], 2003), 606.

[2] C. Pazawna, et al, Kristian Thurin (Aizawl: Aizawl Theological College, [1980], 2000), 97.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

^[5] Hans-Josef Klauck, “Lord’s Supper,” translated by David Ewert, Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, edited by David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 362f.

[6] Ibid., 363.

[7] N. Levison, The Jewish Background of Christianity (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1932), 87.

[8] I. Howard Marshall, Last Supper and Lord’s Supper (Exeter: Paternoster, 1980), 19.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Josef Klauck, “Lord’s Supper,” ABD, 4, 369.

[11] Joachim Jeremias, “pasca,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. V, edited by Gerhard Friedrich (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1967], 1991), 901-903.

[12] B. Schalles, “Pasca,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament Theology, vol. I, 634.

[13] Cilliers Breytenbach, “The Corinthian Church in the First Century A.D.- A Living Church?” Missionalia 14(1986) 01:7.

[14] G. Bornkamm, “herrenmahl und Kirche bei Paulus,” ZTK 53 (1956) 319, quoted in Vincent Alappatt, “Pauline Perspective on the “Lord’s Supper”,” Bible Bhashyam: An Indian Biblical Quarterly, 26/01 (2000): 7.

^[15] Klauk, “Lord’s Supper,” ABD, 4, 363.

^[16] I Howard Marshal, “Lord’s Supper,” Dictionary of Paul …, op. cit., 571.

^[17] Ibid.

[18] Gerd Theissen, The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990), 161f.

[19] Vincent Alappatt, “St. Paul’s Contribution to the Understanding of the Lord’s Supper,” Living Word 101/5 (1995): 224.

[20] Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1987], 1989), 532.

[21] Ibid., 533.

[22] C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Adam & Charles Black, [1968], 1971), 263f.

[23] Alappatt, “St. Paul’s Contribution …,” op. cit., 221.

[24] A. J. B. Higgins, The Lord’s Supper in the New Testament (London: SCM Press Ltd., 1952), 65-67.

[25] Ibid., 69.

[26] H. Vanlalauva, Rosiamliana Tochhawng, Kristian Theology (Durtlang: Aizawl Theological College, 2004), 120.

[27] Panagiotis C. Christou, “Cyprian,” translated from Greek by Philip M. Mcghee, Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by Mircea Eliade, vol. 4, (1987) 187.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid., 188.

[31] W. H. C. Frend, “Donatism,” Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol.4, 420.

[32] Christou, “Cyprian,” Encyclopedia of Religion, vol.4, op. cit., 187.

[33] Hans Conzelmann, I Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, Hermeneia Series (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975), 198.

[34] Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other early Christian Literature, 2^nd ed., English translated by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, revised and augmented by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker from Walter Bauer’s fifth edition, 1958 (Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1979), 58.

[35] Vincent Alappatt, “Pauline Perspective on the “Lord’s Supper,” Bible Bhashyam, op. cit., 71.