KOHHRAN LUNGPHUM LUNGPUI: PETRA VS PETROS

Kohhran lungphum lungpui: Petra vs peTros

Thuhmahruai

Petra tih hi Thutlung Tharah hian hmun 15-ah kan hmu a; heng zinga 9-te hi Synoptic Gospel (Mt.-5, Mk.-1. Lk.-3)-ah hman a ni a, Paula Lehkhathawnah vawi 3 hman niin 1 Peter ah vawi 1, Thupuanah vawi 2 hman a ni.

Greek tawng tuallenga hman dan

Petra tih hi Greek tawng tualleng (secular) ah chuan ‘lung lian leh sakhat tak’ (large and solid rock) tihna ani a. Lungpui kham (cliff) emaw, lung tlâng (rocky mountain) pawh a kawk bawk.[1] Tawngkam mawihnai (figure of speech) zawnga an hman chuan petra chu ‘nghehna’ (firmness) emaw, che sawn lo (immovability) sawi nan an hmang bawk. Petra tih tak hi feminine gender (a nu lam sawina) a ni a, petros hi masculine gender (a pa lam sawina) a ni thung a, lung awm fal deuh (isolated rocks, a chunga kan sawi anga a tlâng pumpui anga awm lo tihna a ni thei ang) tihna emaw, lung te deuh (small stone) tihna te a ni a. saihlum emaw, tiau lung (sairawkherha perh tawk vel) sawina te pawh hi a ni vek mai.[2] Chutih rual erawh chuan tuna kan sawi ang thlarh thlarh chauh hian hmana ni chuang lova, petra leh petros hi hman pawlh nawk nawk chang a awm bawk.[3]

Septuagint (Greek tawng Bible) lamah chuan petra tih hian lungpui (rock) emaw kham (cliff) tihna emaw a kawk deuh bik a (Ex. 17:6; Ps. 80:16); petros tih tak hi hman a ni meuh lo.[4]

Hebrai tawnga Petra (Gk) tlukpui chu tsur (רוּצ) leh ales (עַלֶס) a ni a. Tsur tih hi Pathian hming atana hmanna pawh a awm (Dt. 32:4 etc.).

Thuthlung Thara petra Hmannate

1. A ngiala ngana hmanna

1 Kor. 10:4; Rom. 9:33; 1 Pet. 2:8 leh Mt. 16:18-ahte hian kawh tum nei bika hman a ni a. A bak zawngah hi chuan ‘lung’ tak tak, awmze hran neihtir tuma sawi a ni lo. Mk. 15:46; Mt. 27:60 te hian lungpui (petra) atanga ker thlan an sawi mai a. Chutiangin Mt. 27:51; Lk. 8:6 ; Mt. 7:24–27; Lk. 6:47–49 etc. leh hian kan hmuha kan khawih theih ‘lung’ hi an sawi naran mai a ni.

2. 1 Kor. 10:4

He changah hian Paula hian Ex. 17 leh Num. 20 thua Mosian Horeb lungpui atang tui a vuak chhuah chungchang kha a sawi a. Heta lungpui hi Krista a ni a. 1 Kor. 10:4-ah hian chiang em em maiin chu lungpui chu Krista a ni tih a sawi.

3. Rom. 9:33

Rom. 9:33 thuah hian Paulan Thuthlung Hlui hmun hniha mi (Is 28:16 leh 8:14) a lak kawp kan hmu a:

“Ngai teh, Zionah chuan tlukna lung leh

Dalna lungpui ka dah a,

Tupawh amah ring apiang chu

A mualpho lo vang,”

tih ziak ang khan.

He changa tlukna lung (lithos-stone) leh dalna lungpui (petra-lungpui) te hi eng dang ni lovin Krista sawina atan Paula hian a hmang tih ka hre thei ang. Is. 28:16 leh 8:14-te hi Pathian sawina a ti tih hre bawk ila. Heta kan sawi tlang tum chu, Thuthlung Hlui leh Tharah hian lung hi Pathian sawina atan hman a ni nasa hle a ni tih hi a ni.[5]

4. Mt. 16:18 (→ 104, 23 ff.)

He thu hi thu khirh leh sawi hlawh tak, hriat chian harsa tak mai si a ni a. Thil pakhat erawh chu chiang ang reng tak a awm: tumah lungpui (petra) tia koh an awm lo tih hi. Lung (stone-lithos) tih erawh chu a awm (1 Pet. 2:5). Krista chauh hi petra (lungpui) tia koh awm chhun chu a ni, han ti ringawt phawt mai ila. Kan la chhui chho zel ang a. Mt. 16:18 ah hian Isuan, “Tin, nang Petera i ni tih ka hrilh bawk a che; he lungpui chungah hian ka kohhranho ka rem chho ang a, Mitthi Khaw kulh kawngkharte chuan chu chu an ngam lo vang,” tiin a sawi a. Hei tak hi kan buaina mek chu a ni. Nang ‘Petera’ i ni, tih lai taka mi hi ‘Petros’ a ni a, ‘he lungpui’ a tih taka mi hi ‘petra’ chu a ni. Petros tih hi masculine gender a ni a, petra hi feminine gender a ni tih hre nawn leh phawt ila.

Thuthlung Thar mithiam lar tak pakhat, Oskar Cullmann-a chuan heta petros leh petra hi thil dang teh chiamah a ngai lova. Petra pawh hi Petera sawina niin a ngai. A ngaihdan chuan he Petera ngei hi petra hi a ni a, a rinna emaw, a thupuanchhuah (confession) chauh emaw hi ni lovin a mah mihringa ngei kha ani a. Petera nihna ropui tak leh apostol famkim a nihna a lang a ni, a ti. Isua hian ‘Thlarau In,’ Kohhran hi a sa a, Petera chu chu kohhran lungphum chu a ni ta a ni, tiin a hrilhfiah.[6] R. Pesch, Thuthlung Thar mithiam pakhat pawhin ngaihtuah buai miah lovin heta lungpui/petra hi Petera a ni a, ‘Noble Rock, Peter’, Kohhran lungphum chu a ni, tiin fiah fel takin a tlip.[7] Eduard Schweizer-a phei chuan uar takin, ‘Petera hi lung te (stone) ang te pawhin han awm bawk thin mah se lungpui (rock) chu a ni reng a. Chutiang bawkin apostol zawng zawngte leh zawlneite pawh kha kohhran dinna lungphum chu an ni vek a ni,’ a ti nghe nghe.[8] Mithiam ropui tak Albright-a phei chuan a duhtawh khawp mai a, ‘Hei hi lungpui ang maia Petera, kohhran lungphum a nihna puanchhuahna a ni a. Petera chungnunzia sawina a ni. Chumi kan awih loh chuan hemi tuma thil thleng hi kan pawm loh a ngai ang,’ a ti hmiah mai a ni.[9] R. T. France-a phei chuan hemi sawifiah nan hian Protestant kohhran a khak tel zauh va. Protestant-hovin Roman Catholic kohhran (heta Isuan Petera a sawina hi Rome bishop-ho sawina pawh a ni zui zel ani tia ngaitute) an beihna uchuak tak a ni a. Protestant ngaihdan chuan he lungpui hi Petera ni lovin Petera ‘rinna’ kha a ni, tiin a sawi.[10] He ngaihdan hi Roman Catholic scholar hovin an humhim nasa hle.

Mi thenkhat chuan he ‘lung’ (petra) hi Petera rinna (faith) sawina niin an ngai a, a dang leh chuan Petera thupuan (confession), ‘Isua chu Krista i ni’ tih thu sawina niin an ngai thung.[11]

Hagner-a thlirna hi thlirna fel tak a ni awm e. A ngaihdan chuan a chunga kan sawi anga he Petra hi Petera a nih dawn chuan kohhran hi Isua Krista lungphuma innghat a ni tih hi kan awih loh a ngai ang. Isua ni lovin Petera hi kohhran lungphum chu a ni tihna ani ang a, Isua hi a dintu tak chu niin Aspostol te kha Isua kal tlanga hna thawktute mai an ni tih hi kan phatsan hial a ngai ang.^[12] George A. F. Knight-a comment hi pawmawm tak a ni. Ani chuan heta petra hi tu dang mah ni lovin ‘Kristaa-Pathian awm’ (God-in Christ) a ni, tiin a sawi.[13]

Kan hriat ngei tur pakhat chu heta petra leh petros hi Aramaic leh Greek tawnga word play nalh tak a ni tih hi a ni. Word play a nih avangin rang taka ngaihdan siam hmanhawh mai loh a tha ang.

Paulan “Lungphum rem tawh sa lo chu lungphum dang tuman an rem thei tawh si lo va, chu lungphum chu Isua Krista chu a ni, (1 Kor. 3:11) tia a sawi hi hlamchhiah loh a tul khawp mai. Paula hian Petera a ni emaw, tu dang mah hi lungphum chu a ni lova, Isua Krista chauh hi a ni tiin a nemnghet a ni. Petera hi he lungpui (petra) hi ni turah han ngai chhin ta ila. Mithhi khaw kulh kawngkhar (hades) pawhin a ngam loh tur a ni a. Thihnain a ngam rual loh tur Isua kohhran din a sawina a ni. Chu kohhran ropui tak chu Petera, a zia atanga a hming phuah tur phei chu ni ta se Lalnghingngheta tih mai tur ni awm tak, chunga innghat ni theiin a lang lova; chatuan kohhran lungphum atan chuan mihring hi ni theiin a lang lo.

He word play hian rilru mumal put hleihtheih lohnaah min hruai lut deuh roh tlat mai a. Heti hian ngaihdan han siam chhin ta ila. Paula hian Korinth Khuaa mite hnena lehkha a thawn lai vel hian (CE 55/56 Nipui lai vel) Peter-a pawh a la dam ngei a. Thua inhlan chhawn atanga kan hriat dan chuan Petera hi Rome khawpuiah Nero-an Kristian a tihduhdah tum khan kum 75 mi vel niin 67 CE ah ama duh dan ngeiin a letlingzawnga khenbeh niin a thi ta ni awm e. An sawi dan chuan Ka Lalpa thihdana thi tlak ka ni love tiin a letlingzawnga khenbeh a thlang a ni an ti. [14] Paula leh Petera te pahnih hi rawngbawlna lamah pawh an lo inhmu fo tawhin an titiho fo tawh a (Gal. 1:18; 2:11). Paula hian kohhran lungphum hi ‘Krista a ni’ tiin chiang takin a sawi kawk mai a (1 Kor. 3:11). Isua Krista nge Petera hi kohhran lungphum ni zawk tih zawhna leh, Petera ngei hi a ni zawk tih thu inchuh emaw hi awm ni sela chuan Korinth kohhran mite emaw, Petera nihna ropui tak (Kohhran lungphum, Isua ngeiin a nemngeh) hrechianga tan tlattute khan Paula hi a sawi dik lohvah puhin siamremtirna emaw, helam hawia thusawi hi a awm ngei tur a ni. Petera ngei pawh hian kohhran lungphum chu amah ngei a ni a, ama chungah Isuan a phum a ni tih hi a sawi uar deuh ngei a rinawm.

A tawngbul lama kan chhui tawh ang khian petra leh petros hman hran kher a ni hian ngaihtuahna pakhat dang a siam leh bawk. Isuan Petera hnenah, “Nang Petera i ni tih ka hrilh bawk a che…” tiin a sawi a. Hetia a sawi lai mek hian Isua hian, “Chuvangin i chungah hian ka kohhranho ka rem chho anga…” tin sawi zui ngei awm a ni bawk. Petera vek hi ‘he lungpui’ chungah hian…tiha ‘lungpui’ hi ni ta sela chuan petros atanga petra, a gender thlak danglam vek khawpa tawng thupa sawi kher a ngai lovang. ‘Nang hi lungpui chu i ni a, he lungpui chungah hian …tiin a sawi ngeiin a rinawm.

Apostol te hnu lama Kohhran Pate ngaihdan

Kohhran Pate zinga tam tak erawh chuan Thutlung Hluia lung (rock leh stone) sawina hi (a ngiala ngana sawina tih lohvah chuan) Isua kawk vekin an ngai thung.[15]

---

[1] Hom.Od., 3, 293; 4, 501.

[2] Xen.An., VII, 7, 54; Plat.Leg., VIII, 843a; Hom.Il., 7, 270; Pind.Olymp., 10, 72; Soph.Phil., 296.

[3] Hom.Od., 9, 243; Hes.Theog., 675; Soph.Oed. Col., 1595 etc.

[4] 2 Macc. 1:16; 4:41

[5] Oskar Cullmann, “petra,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. VI, edited by Gerhard Friedrich (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1968 [2006]), 98 (95-99).

[6] Cullmann, “petra,” TDNT, vol.VI, 99.

[7] R. Pesch, “petra,” Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 3 (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1990], 1994), 81.

[8] Eduard Schweizer, The Good News According to Matthew (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975), 341.

[9] William Foxwell Albright and C. S. Mann, The Anchor Bible: Matthew (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 195.ff

[10] R. T. France, Tyndale New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to Matthew (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985), 254.

[11] Robert H. Mounce, New International BIlbilcal Commentary: Matthew, edited by W. Ward Gasque (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1985 [1998]), 162.

^[12] Donald A. Hagner, Word Biblical Commentary, Volume 33b: Matthew 14-28, (Dallas, Texas: Word Books, Publisher) 1998.

[13] George A. F. Knight, “Thou Art Peter,” Theology Today - vol .17, no. 2 - July 1960, 179.

[14] James M. Gray, “Peter, Simon,” The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.

[15] Acc. to Herm.s., 9, 2–14; . Pol., 1, 1; Just. says in Dial., 113, 6; Dial., 114, 4, Cullmann, “petra,” TDNT, vol.VI, 99.

APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

appendices and bibliography

Appendix i

Westminster Thurin Bung 9: Duhthlanna zalên[1]

1. Pathianin mihring duhthlanna chu a nihphung renga zalenin a siam a, a thununsak lova, a chhia emaw a \ha emaw pawm ngei turin a tilui lo.
2. Mihring chuan sual kai lo dinhmuna a awm lai khan, Pathian lawmzâwng thil \ha thlang thei leh ti thei tura zalenna leh tihtheihna a nei a, nimahsela, danglam thei niin tluksan leh thei a la ni.
3. Mihring chu suala a lo tlûkin chhandamnain a ken thlarau lam thil duh theihna zawng zawng a hloh ta a; chuvang chuan tisa mi, sual thi a lo nih tak avangin thil \ha nen an inmihran hlauh va, mahni chakna chuan a inlamlet thei lova, a inbuatsaih thei hek lo.
4. Pathianin misual a lamlettîr a, khawngaihna changtuah a siamin, sual bawih ata a chhuah zalen a, a khawngaihna avang chauhvin thlarau lam thil \ha chu duh thei leh ti theiin a siam a; nimahsela amaha chhiatna la chambâng reng avang chuan a \ha chauh duh pumhlum lovin, a chhia pawh a la duh ta tho a ni.
5. Mihring duhthlanna famkim leh nghet taka a tha chauh thlang tura tihzalen a nih hun chu ropuina hmunah a ni ang.

Appendix Ii

Laodikei Khaw Chanchin Tawi.

Laodikei khua tia hriat hi khaw paruk lai a awm a. Thup. 3:14-22-a Laodikei khua (tuna kan zir mek) hi khaw dang laka a hriat hran theih nan Lukas (Lycus) lui ruama Laodikei khua an ti bîk thin. Lukas lui a\anga chhim lam mêl hnih (2),[2] Hierapolis khua a\anga mêl 6 vel, Kolosa khua a\anga khawthlang lam mêl 10 vela hlaa awm a ni a. Antiochus II (261-264 BC)-in a nupui Laodice-i hriat reng nana a din a ni.[3] Greek-hovin (Alexander Ropuia hnu-a lalram, Seleucids) an sipai hmunpui atan an hmang zui a.[4]

Kawngpui pawimawh tak tak insuihfinna hmun a nih avangin sumdawnna leh ram rorelna hmun remchâng tak a ni a. A hun lai hian khawpui hmingthang tak a ni. Heng bâkah hian Laodikei khua hi:

1) Pawisa thlengna hmunpui (banking centre) leh khaw hausa zet mai a ni a. AD 60-61 vela lirnghîng râpthlâk takin a khaw pum pui a sawi chhiat vek tum pawh khan Rom khawpui (sawrkar laipui) \anpuina tel hauh lovin anmahniin an khawpui chu an tungding leh nghal mai a ni.

2) Sahmul dum hmanga thawmhnaw leh chhuatphah (carpet) siamna hmunpui a ni bawk.[5]

3) Men Karou Temple, Isua hun hma leh hnu vel bâwra (century) damdâwi siamna hmun hmingthang tak bul hnai maia awm a ni a. Mitna damdawi, ‘Phrygian powder’ an tih mai thin chu kha tih lai hunah khan damdâwi hman lar tak a ni a. Chu Phrygian powder chu Laodikei khuaa siam chhuah hi niin an sawi thin. Chuvang pawh chuan hmun ropui leh langsar tak a ni. Rom sawrkar hnuaia a awm hma chuan Laodikei khuaa hi khaw te tak te pakhat a ni ve satliah mai a. Rom ho hnuaiah hian an rawn \hang ta phut a ni. Chuvangin Thupuan bu-a an chanchin, hausa, kawr vâr, mitna damdâwi etc. nen pawh hian a induh hle-in a lang.

Laodikei khuaah hian Judaho pawh an awm ve nual a. Asia province-a Flaccus-a Governor a nih khan (BC 62) heng Judahovin Jerusalem-a pawisa eng emaw zat an thawn luh thin chu a khap ta a. A ram a\anga pawisa thawn chhuah chu ram tana hlauhawm theia a hriat avangin Judaho khawn khawm sa rangkachak pound 20 bûk zet chu a chhuksak bawk.

Laodikei khuaa Kohhran hi Paulan a zin \um thumnaa (TT. 9:10), Ephesi khuaa a cham laia a din emaw, Epaphras-an a din emaw (Kol. 4:12) a ni mai thei a. Lehkha chu thawn bawk mah sela (Kol. 4:16-he Lehkhathawn hi a bo a ni mai thei) Paula hian a tlawh chiahin a lang lo.[6]

Appendix iii

Hebrai Verb Kalphung Sawifiahna Tlangpui

Hebrai verb hi chi sarihah a \hensawm (conjugate) theih a. A hnuaiah hian a hming, a sawifiahna leh entîrna \hen khat pek a ni:[7]

1. Simple active (active voice pângngai): Chu chu Qal (lqa) an ti. (Entîrna) rba#f$ (Shabar)-a tichhia.

2. Simple passive (passive voice pângngai): Chu chu Niph´al (l(ap;ni) an ti. (Entîrna) rb@a#;$ni (nishbar)-tihchhiat a ni.

3. Intensive active (nasa taka thil ti sawina active voice): Chu chu Pi´el (l('pi2) an ti. (Entîrna) rb@'#$i (Shibbêr)-nasa takin a tichhia.

4. Intensive passive (nasa taka thil ti sawina passive voice): Chu chu Pu´al (l(apu2) an ti. (Entîrna) rba2#$u (Shubbar)-nasa taka tihchhiat a ni.

5. Causative active (thil tihtir/thlentir sawina active voice): Chu chu Hiph´il (ly(ip;hi) an ti. (Entîrna) lydi2g;hi (higdîl)-a tiropui (magnify).

6. Causative passive (thil tihtir/thlentir sawina passive voice): Chu chu Hoph´al (l(ap;hf) an ti. (Entîrna) lda2g;hf (Hogdal)-tihropui a ni.

7. Reflexive (thil titu chunga a thil tih lo let leh sawina): Chu chu Hithpa´el (l('p2at;hi) an ti. (Entîrna) ldi2g2at;hi (Hithgaddil)-amah leh amah a inti ropui.

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Buttrick, George Arthur, et. al. The Interpreter’s Bible, vol. II. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1953.

Calvin, John. Calvin’s Commentary, vol. I. Translated by John King. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1984.

Charles, R.H. The International Critical Commentary: Revelation, vol. I. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1985.

Cooke, G.A. The International Critical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1985.

Craigie, Peter C. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: the Book of Deuteronomy. Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1976.

Crandfield, C.E.B. The International Critical Commentary: the Epistle to the Romans, vol. I. Edinburgh: T&T Clark [1975], 1987.

Davies, W.M and Dale C. Allison, Jr. The International Critical Commentary: The Gospel According to Saint Matthew, vol. III. Edinburgh: T&T Clark [1997], 2000.

Gould, Ezra P. The International Critical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Mark. Edinburgh: T&T Clark [1896], 1983.

Guelich, Robert A. Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 34A. Dallas: Word Books, Publishers, 1989.

Hamilton, Victor P. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: the Book of Genesis. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1990.

Keck, Leander E, et al. The New Interpreter’s Bible vol. I. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.

Kistemaker, Simson J. New Testament Commentary: Revelation. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2001.

Lane, William. The New International Commentary on the New Testament: The Gospel of Mark. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1974.

Martin, D. Michael. The New American Commentary, vol. 33. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1995.

Mathews, Kenneth A. The New American Commentary, vol. IA. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996.

McLaren, Alexander. Exposition of Holy Scripture, Deuteronomy-I Samuel. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, n.d.

Moo, Douglas J. The New International Commentary on the New Testament: The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996.

Mounce, Robert H. The New International Commentary on the New Testament: Revelation. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.

Plummer, Alfred. The International Critical Commentary: the Gospel According to S. Luke. Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd., 1981.

Rohmingliana, Hebrai Zirlai Puitu. Aizawl: TEF Literature Board, 1994.

Skinner, John. The International Critical Commentary: Genesis. Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd. [1910], 1980.

Speiser, E.H. The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday & Inc., 1987.

Spence, H.D.M. and Joseph Exell, eds. The Pulpit Commentary: Genesis. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, n.d.

Spence H.D.M. and Joseph S. Exell eds. The Pulpit Commentary: Galatians. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, n.d.

Taylor, Vincent. The Gospel According to St. Mark (2^nd Ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House [1996], 1981.

Wenham, Gordon J. Word Biblical Commentary, vol. I. Waco, Texas: Word Books Publishers, 1987.

Dictionary / lexicon

Barth, G. “pisti".” Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. III. Edited by Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, [1993], 1994.

Brown, Francis. “Nm).”Brown Driver and Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004.

France, R.T. “Faith.” Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Edited by Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall. Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 1992.

Hanson, Everett F et al. Baker’s Dictionary of Theology. Michigan: Baker Book House, [1960] 1998.

Horstmann, A. “ti", ti.” Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. III. Edited by Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company [1933], 1994.

Jeppen. “Nm).”Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. I. Edited by G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company [1974], 1990.

Langford, M.J. “Free Will.” A New Dictionary of Christian Theology. Edited by Alan Richardson and John Bowden (London: SCM Press Ltd., 1983), 218.

Luhrmann, Dieter. “Faith.” Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 2. Edited by David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Michel, O. “Faith.” The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, vol. I. Edited by Colin Brown. Exeter Down: Paternoster Press, Ltd., 1975.

Moberly, R.W.L. “Nm).” New Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, vol. I. Edited by Willem VenGemeren. Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1997.

Moris, Leon. “Faith.” Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Edited by Gerald F. Hawthorne and Ralph P. Martin. Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 1993.

Mounce, William D. The Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1993.

Murray, James A.H, Henry Bradley, W.A. Craigie, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary (2^nd Edition), vol. II, XVIII. Oxford: Clarendon Press [1989], 2001.

Nicole, Emile. “rxb.” New International Dictionary of the Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, vol. I. Edited by William A. VanGemeren. Carlisle: Paternoster, 1997.

Nicole, R. “Dort, Synod of.” New Dictionary of Theology. Edited by Sinclair B. Ferguson. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press [1988], 1989.

Patrick, Dale. “Election.” The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 2. Edited by David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

“Pisteuw.” The Complete Word Study Dictionary: New Testament. Edited by Spiros Zodhiates. Chattanooga: AMG Publishers, 1992.

Ramsay, W.M. “Laodicea.” A Dictionary of the Bible, vol. III. Edited by James Hastings Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988.

Schweizer, “yuch.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. IX. Edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company [1974], 1981.

Seebass, “rxb.” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. II. Edited by G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995.

Spicq, Ceslas. “pisti".” Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, vol. 3. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994.

Thompson, James W. “Melchizedek.” Harper’s Bible Dictionary. Edited by Paul J. Achtemeier. Bangalore: Theological Publication in India, 2002.

“Transgression.” The Chambers Dictionary (New Edition). New Delhi: Allied Chambers (India) Limited [2000], 2001.

Westermann, C. “#pn.” Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. 2. Edited by Ernst Jenni and Claus Westermann, translated by Mark E. Biddle. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1997.

Wildberg, H. “rxb.” Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. I. Edited by Ernst Jenni and Claus Westermann. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1997.

Bible.

Amplified Bible, The.

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia.

Christian Community Bible.

Contemporary English Version.

Douay Version.

Greek New Testament, The. (4^th ed. UBS)

James Moffatt Translation.

Jerusalem Bible, The.

Jerusalem Bible, The. (Koren Publishers, Jerusalem).

King James Version.

New American Bible.

New American Standard Bible, The.

New American Standard Translation. The.

New Century Bible.

New Century Version.

New English Bible, The.

New International Reader’s Version, The.

New International Version.

New Jerusalem Bible, The.

New King James Version.

New Oxford Annotated Bible, The.

New Revised Standard Version.

Pathian Lehkhabu Thianghlim (C.L. Re-edited).

Pathian Lehkhabu Thianghlim (O.V. Reference).

Revised English Bible, The.

Revised Standard Version.

TANAKH The Holy Scripture.

Thompson Chain References.

Lehkhabu anga tihchhuah lohte:

Leaders Committee, Methodist Kohhran, Tuingo Society hnen a\anga Pu Zohmangaiha, IRS, Chhinga veng, Aizawl hnena lehkhathawn photo copy.

Rev. Zokima (District Chairman, Methodist Kohhran, Chanmari West, Aizawl)-in Pu Zohmangaiha, IRS, Chhinga veng, Aizawl hnena ni 24.7.1993-a a lehkhathawn photo copy.

C.Lal\anliana leh Lalramliana Pachuau, Truth Evangelical Fellowship Chhuina. (Cyclostyled).

TEF Zirtirna Chhuina Report by the Faculty, Aizawl Theological College

M. Th zirna atana Thuthlung Thar hrilhfiahna kaihhruaina. Hei hi BD I yr. kan nih laia handout kan dawn a ni. German mi thiamin Thuthlung Thar zir bingna atana a ruahman a ni.

chanchinbu:

Kawlramthanga, “Tisa leh Thlarau Dan,” Thutak Puangtu No. 68 (February, 2005): 18.

Vanlalthlana, “Mizoram Presbyterian Kohhran leh Thurin,” Didakhe, Vol XXX, No. 6 (Nov-Dec, 2001): 8.

Chuau\huama, “Theologian Hmingthang Dietrich Bonhoeffer Chanchin (1906-1945),” Didakhe, vol XVII, No. 3 (July-August, 1988): 19.

Lamtawi Hmante

A.B.D. - Anchor Bible Dictionary.

B.C. - Before Christ (Before Common Era [B.C.E] an ti bawk.

B.D.B. - Brown Driver and Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon.

A.D - Anno Donimi (Common Era [C.E] an ti bawk. Isua pian a\anga kum chhiarna bi)

Cf. - Confer (khaikhin rawh tihna).

Chro - Chronicles.

C/c.a. - Circa (vel).

Kol - Kolossa.

Kor - Korinth

Dan - Daniel.

Deut - Deuteronomy.

Thur - Thuhriltu.

Ed - editor/edition.

EDNT - Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament.

e.g. - exempli gratia (entirna).
Eph - Ephesi.

Est - Esther.

Et al - et alii (leh a dangte-lehkhabu siamtu [editor] pakhat aia tam, ziahlan loh an awm tih chhinchhiahna).

Ex - Exodus.

Ez - Ezra.

f., ff. - (Bible chang) a zawm zel.

Gal - Galatians.

Gen - Genesis.

Hab - Habakuka.

Heb - Hebrai.

Hos - Hosea

Ibid. - ibidem (thu lakna hnar thuhmun/a chunga lehkhabu hman ami vêk hi tihna).

ICC - International Critical Commentary

Is - Isaia.

Jer - Jeremia.

Joh - Johana.

Job - Joba.

Jos - Josua.

Lal - Lalte.

KJV - King James Version (Bible lehlin pakhat hming).

Lev - Leviticus.

Lk - Luka.

LXX - Septuagint, Greek \awng Thuthlung Hlui.

Mal - Malakia.

Mik - Mika.

Mk - Marka.

Mt - Matthaia.

n.d - He lehkhabu an chhuah (publish) hun hi ziah a ni lo tihna.

Neh - Nehemia.

NIV - New International Version (Bible lehlin pakhat hming).

NKJV - New King James Version (Bible lehlin pakhat hming).
NRSV - New Revised Standard Version (Bible lehlin pakhat hming)

Num - Numbers.

Phil - Philippi..

Phlm - Philemona.

Thuf - Thufingte.

Sâm - Sâm.

Thup - Thupuan.

Rom - Rom.

RSV - Revised Standard Version (Bible lehlin pakhat hming).
Sam - Samuela.

TDNT - Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.
TDOT - Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament.
Tim - Timothea.

TLNT - Theological Lexicon of the New Testament.

TLOT - Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament.

TMEF - The Truth Mission Evangelical Fellowship.

Vol (s) - Volume (s).

Zak - Zakaria.

---

[1] Vanlalchhuanawma, ed., Westminster Thurin leh Welsh Thurin (Durtlang: Calvin Study Centre, Aizawl Theological College, 2003), 16, 17.

[2] W.M. Ramsay, “Laodicea,” A Dictionary of the Bible, vol. III, edited by James Hastings (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988), 44.

[3] R.H. Charles, ICC: Revelation, vol. I, 93.

[4] Ramsay, A Dictionary of the Bible, vol. III, 44.

[5] Charles, ICC: Revelation, vol. I, 93.

[6] Robert H. Mounce, The New International Commentary on the New Testament, the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 19970), 124.

[7] J. Weingreen, A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew (Oxford:: Clarendon Press, [1939], 1979), 100.