BUNG 5

bung 5

duhthlanna zalên: KOHHRAN chanchin a|anga thlirna (HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE)

Duhthlanna zalên tih hi Bible \awngkam a ni lo tih kan sawi tawh a. Stoic-ho zirtirna a\anga lo irh chhuak a ni a. Kohhran Pate zinga mi ropui leh Pathian thu zirnaa mi chhuanvawr Tertulian-an khawthlang Kristiante zingah a seng lut a.[1] Augustine-a hun a\anga vawiin thlengin chu mi chungchânga inhnialna chuan tawpin tai nei thei lovin min la chiah ta reng a ni. Tlûk hma leh tlûk hnua duhthlanna dinhmun hi a khirh khan lai tak chu a ni awm e. Duhthlanna zalên zalen si zia emaw sal tang a nih thu-ah tupaw’n eng pawm dan pawh nei se thil âwm lo a ni lova. Thil hlauhawm ber erawh chu duhthlanna zalên uchuak khawpa sawi zalen emaw Pathian kohna chhanna kawnga mihringte âwl hiauna (total passiveness) emaw kal fawrpuina hi a ni.

Hengte hrefiah tur hian Kohhran Pate mimal ngaihdan te, Augustine-a leh Pelagius-ate inhnialna ropui te, Martin Luther-a leh Erasmus-a te thu inchuh ngaihnawm leh kawngro su tham tak takte hi awn bik nei lova kan zir a tul a ni. Anni hi tum nei run chunga thur chhuah bik an ni hran lova; Kohhran chanchin (church history) leh Pathian thu-a (theology) a lungphum leh kung pui langsar tak takte an nih vang chauh tal pawhin tuma’n an sawi nêp thei lovang a, hnualsuat mai chi pawh an ni lo.

(i) Pathian Thu Thiam (Theologian) Ropui |henkhatten Duhthlanna Zalên (Free will) An Sawifiah Dan:

Origen-a (c.185–c.254 AD) chuan, ‘Tha leh sual hriat theihna chhia leh tha hriatna/rilru fîm’ (The power of reason to discern good and evil) tiin duhthlanna zalên chu a sawifiah.[2]

Cyril of Jerusalem an tih pawhin Adama leh Evi tlûkna chu Pathian lak a\anga khawvel thila pêngbo tura duhthlanna/thutlukna a ni a ti bawk.[3]

He mite pahnih hian mihring hmasaten an duhthlanna ngeia Pathian an hnawla an bosan thu leh an duhthlanna zalên an hman sual thu an sawi a ni.

Cappadocian Fathers [4] an tihte sawi dan hi a mak khawp mai: anni chuan nausênte hi sualna nei lovin an lo piang chhuak a ni an ti mauh mai a. Chutiang bawkin Greek thu ziaktu tam berten sual hi mihring duhthlanna zalên hmansualna a\anga lo awm a ni an ti thin.[5] Hengho ngaihdanah hi chuan chu duhthlanna zalên chu a zalên hle a. Sual tŭrin emaw sual lo tŭrin emaw mihringin mawh a phur zo vek a ni an ti ni ber in a lang. He ngaihdan hi chu a chak lutuk deuh mai thei.

Anselm-a chuan duhthlanna zalên chu ‘ama teh dan a\anga teha dik leh tha vawnghim thei tura theihna’ (a power of preserving rectitude of its own account) tiin a hrilh fiah bawk.[6]

Thomas Aquinas-a (AD 1225-1274) chuan ‘duhthlanna chu duhthlan theihna (elective power), finna/ngaihtuah thiamna (intelligence) leh châkna (appetite) inkawpin a siam, amaherawhchu châkna lam awn zawk a ni’ tiin a hrilhfiah a.[7] A fiah thawkhat viau tawh nain Augustine-a (354-430 ce) hrilhfiahnan hi a la \hat zawk hmel fo mai. A sawi dan chuan duhthlanna chu ‘khawngaihna a zara thil \ha hriat theihna leh thlan duhna, leh khawngaihna hnâwla thil tha lo thlanna hi a ni’ (a power of reason and will to choose the good, grace assisting, to choose the bad, grace desisting)[8] a ti a. A fiahin pawmtu pawh an tam hle a. John Calvin-a pawhin Augustine-a hrilhfiahna hi a pawm khawp mai. Ngaihtuah ngun loh chuan a harsa deuh mai thei. Pathian khawngaihna avang liau liauva hriatthiamna leh thil \ha mihringin a thlan theihna ni a, chutih rualin khawngaihna pen bosana thil \ha lo pawh thlan theihna a ni tihna a ni.

He mite thu sawi hi chîk leh zuala kan zir hnu hian heti hian a khaikhawm theih awm e. An zavai hian duhthlan theihna (volitional power) a nih thu-ah an lên tlâk a rual a. Amaherawhchu he duhthlanna zalên hi sual lam thlang tura a âwn chak avangin sual nen a insawm chak em em a ni.

Tlan tawh mihringte hi sual kawl a\angin zalên tawh mah ila Pathian hremna (thihna) chuan tun hun thlengin mi a phuar tlat a. Rorelna Nî a thlen hma loh chuan mihring chak lote chu sualin a zêm tlat reng a ni. Duhthlang tur mah ni ila tibuaitû tihbuaina chu kan pumpelh thei lova. Chu tihbuaina tak chu thlangtute thlanna tipawimawhtu a ni zawk a ni. Khawngaihna hnathawh rah zârah chak lo chung pawhin hnehna pûan a sin theih ta a ni.

(ii) Augustine-a Leh Pelagius-a Inhnialna:

Tertulian-a hnung zuitu Augustine-a chuan duhthlanna zalên (free will) tih chu a rawn hmang ve a. Augustine-a chuan mihring tlûk hnua duhthlanna zalên a lo chak tâk loh thu a sawi thin a. Augustine-a zirtirdan tlangpui chu heti hian lo khâikhawm ila: a hmasa berah chuan mihringte zalenna hi a nemnghet a. Kan thiltih rêng rêngte hi tih mâkmawh a nih vanga (out of necessity) ti kan ni lova, zalên kan nih ang ngeia kan duhthua kan tih a ni. Mihringte duhthlanna zalên chu tihchak loh leh tih\huanawp a ni a; amaherawhchu sual vanga tihtâwp (eliminated) emaw tihchhiat vek (destroyed) erawh chu a ni lo. Chu duhthlanna zalên chu nei lêta tidam leh tur chuan Pathian khawngaihna a \ûl ta thung a ni. Eng pawh nise duhthlanna zalên chu a awm ngei a, sualin a kai peng mai pawh a ni, tiin.[9]

A zirtirna tifiah lehzual turin patla (bûkna)-a thil inbûk tehkhin thu a hmang a. Chu tehkhin thu-ah chuan a bûkna thlêng pakhat zawk chu \ha niin a dang chu sual entîrna a ni a. Sual thlêngah chuan miin thil rit tak rawn dah ta hnawk sela engtin nge a lo awm ang? Chu patla (bûkna) chu a la awm thovin hna pawh a la thawk ngei a lawm; mahse sual lamah chuan namên lovin a bûk ta ngar ngar a ni. Chutiang chiah chuan mihringte duhthlanna chuan sual lam a awn em em a ni. Duhthlanna chu la awm teh meuhvin thutlûkna pawh la siam thei cheu mah sela, thutlûkna dik leh lâi, awn lam nei lo siam a hnehin sual lam a ngĕr tak zet a ni tiin a hrilhfiah a.[10]

A khingpuipa Pelagius-a chuan Augustine-a zirtirna kalh chiahin thu a rawn zam ve thung a. Ani chuan mihring hian duhthlanna zalên a nei pumhlûmin ama sualah mawh zawng zawng a phur a ni. Mihringte hi eng chak lohna thurûk mahin a ti\huanawp lo tiin a zirtir hlauh zawk a ni. Augustine-a patla tehkhin thu kha hmang lêtin mihring duhthlanna chu patla inbûk tawk chiah chiah, a khawi lam maha uai bîk awm lo ang chu a ni a, sual lamah emaw \hatna lamah emawa lei hlêi lo a ni. Chuvangin duhthlang tur chuan Pathian khawngaihna pawh a tul lem lo. Mihringte tan \hat pawh \hat theih (perfection is possible) a nih avangin tih tur pawh a phûta phût (obligatory) a ni reng a ni a ti hmiah thung.[11] Pelagius-a chuan sual hi mihring zia (nature) ni lovin duh vang renga tihsual (fault) a ni a. Nausen pianghlim hi Adama tlûk hma ang vara sual kâi lo a ni a ti bur mai a ni.[12]

Augustine-a vek hian Adama leh Evi tluk thu sawiin rûl thlemna leh a thurâwn îtawm tak lak a\anga tlu lo tur khan zalenna a nei a ni tiin a lehkhabu pakhat On the Free will-ah a ziak nghe nghe a.[13] A ngaihdan chuan amah (mihring) aia chungnung emaw a tlukpui emaw-in kha sual ti tur khan a tur lui lo hrim hrim a ni. Rilru (soul) in a duh lo a nih ngai chuan a sâng zawk tlânsan turin emaw a hniam zawk duh turin emaw a tihluih theih ngai loh. Mihring sualna hi an pianken emaw leilung dan (natural) emaw ni lovin duh vang rênga (voluntary) lo awm a ni a ti a.[14]

A khirh leh deuh mai thei. thinlunga duh lo tlat mi chu Pathian thupek bawhchhe tura tihluih theih an ni lovang; tha rum hmanga tihluih a awm miau si lova, tihna ang vel a ni. An duhthlanna hmang ngeia an thlan tâk avang erawh chuan (tihluih an nih vang emaw an chhia leh \ha hriatna Setanan a neihsak vang emaw ni lovin) sualah an tlu ta a ni. Duha hnâwl thei, duha tilui thei tura zalên, Pathian tâ an ni tlat a ni.

Mihring zalenna chak lohzia a sawi mek lai hian Augustine-a chuan duhthlanna zalên zalen si zia leh Pathian khawngaihna azâra mihringte vanneihzia a sawi uar hle thin (a lehkhabu de libero arbitrio-ah). Pathianin thil engkim a hre lâwk vek a, amaherawhchu chu chuan mihringte hnena zalenna a dah kha nêk bet tlat khawpin a rirûat lâwk diam tihna a kâwk kher lo; zalên taka kan thlan tur a hre lâwk tihna a ni zawk. Chutih rûal erawh chuan kan duhnate dik taka hmang thei turin Pathian khawngaihna kan mamawh tak zet a ni, a bik takin tlu tawh mihringte nunah hian, tiin a ziak nghe nghe (de libero arbitrio).[15]

Augustine-a leh Pelagius-a inhnialna hi (duhthlanna chungchângah chauh lo pawh) a ngaihnawm chang ni lovin Pathian thu zirna hûangah ngat phei chuan hmahruaitu leh mi ropui dangte meuh pawhin pûr an châwkna, hmasâwnna atana mit timengtu pawimawh tak a ni a. Pelagius-a leh Augustine-ate hi an thu vuakthlak a\ang ngawt pawh hian an nunphung leh seilenna an inang lo hle tih a hriat theih a. Mifel leh sakhaw mi Pelagius-a hian thu a duh fawr lutuk a nih pawhin a hriatthiamawm hle mai. Amaherawhchu chak lo mihringten Pathian khawngaihna azâra duhthlanna zalên hmanga zui thei leh zui tur kan nihna erawh a hawi pha lo deuh a ni. He thu-ah hi chuan Augustine-a hian a sawi dik thui hle a ni.

(iii) Martin Luther-a (1483-1546) leh Erasmus-a (1469-1536)

Heng mi ropui tak takte pahnih hi hun khata chêng an niin thawkkhat lai phei chu an inkâwm ngeihin an inpui tawn nasa thei hle thin a. Amaherawhchu Erasmus-a chu a Pathian thu lakdan avangin Luther-a hian na takin a dem a, The Bondage of the Will (Duhthlanna Saltang) tih lehkhabu a ziah phah nghe nghe a ni. He lehkhabuah hian duhthlanna zalên chu tu dang tâ mah ni lovin Pathian tâ chauh a ni tiin Luther-a chuan Erasmus-a chu a khêng nasa hle a. Mihring te leh Vantirhkoh te ngei pawh hi Pathian thuneihna/rôrelna (mastery) ângchhûngah an awm vek a. Chuvangin zalên han tih huau hleih theih pawh a ni love a ti a.[16]

Luther-a zirtirnaah chuan duhthlanna zalên chu zalên a nih tak meuh chuan amah mai pawhin thiltihtheihna a nei ngêi tur a ni. Nimahsela Pathian khawngaihna tel lo chuan a che châng leh thei der si lo. Pathian khawngaihna tel lova thiltithei lo na na na chu a zalên tak tak lo tihna a ni. Zalen a hnehin sual bawiha saltang kumhlun (permanent prisoner and bond slave of evil) a ni. A chhan chu Pathian khawngaihna chu lak bova a awm tâk avangin thil \ha lam pawh a pan thei ta lo va. Hei vang hian duhthlanna chu zalên ni lovin sal tâng a ni zawk a ni tiin Luther-a chuan a sawi.[17] He zirtirna hi TMEF-te chuan an thuvawn pawimawh berte zinga pakhatah neiin an inzirtir ngawrh hle a ni.

Erasmus-a ve thung chuan a lehkhabu On the Freedom of the Will-ah chuan Luther-a zirtirna chu hleihlûak leh âtthlâk tiin Bible leh Augustine-a hun hma lama Kohhran Pate zirtirna kalhah a puh a. Duhthlanna chu sual avanga hliam leh sawp ni tawh mah se mit dêr erawh chu a ni lova. Sual lam nger tlat thin mah se bo hmiah erawh a ni lo tiin \an a khawh ve thung. Duhthlanna zalên tih pawh hi mihringin chatuana chhandamna emaw chumi a\anga tlan bo (chatuana boralna?) tura duh a thlan theihna hi a ni a ti a.[18] Erasmus-a leh Luther-a pawmdan hi a inkalh hmel viau mai.

Midang ang lo takin Luther-a chuan, ti tura thupêkte hi duhthlang thei kan nih finfiahna atan a rin tlâk loh; a chhan chu thupêk hian chu thupêk chu tihpuitlin theih a ni tih a kawk kher lo a ti a. Nausente pawh an nuten ‘lo kal rawh,’ ‘ding rawh’ an tih hian an kal theiin an ding thei tihna a ni chuang lo. Chutiang chu Pathian thupêk awmzia chu a ni fo a ni a ti a.[19] Luther-a hian Bible châng hmun tam tak a mi la chhuakin duhthlanna zalên tih hi a hnawl fithla der a ni.[20]

Kan sawi fo tawh angin Erasmus-a sawifiahna hnâwlin Luther-a ngaihdan (theology) duhthlanna saltang tih chu TMEF thu thûlkhung niin duhthlanna zalên pawh chu tu dang tâ ni lovin Pathian tâ chauh a ni an ti a. Kawng lehlamah chuan Luther-a hian thlarau (mihring thlarau) thihna emaw duhthlan theihna thih thu emaw lam a sawi lova, amaherawhchu salah a tâng a ni a ti thung. Mihringten duhthlanna kan neih thu erawh a pawm thlap a,[21] mahse khawngaihna tel lo chuan thil \ha a ti lova, a ti thei hek lo a ni tiin a zirtir.[22]

Hei hian thil pakhat min hrilh leh thei ta a. Khawngaihna kal tlangin duhthlanna chu a zalên a, thil \ha pawh a ti thei a ni tih hi. Isua Krista zâra khawngaihna leh thu tak a lo awm theih tâk avangin[23] sual phuarna ata chu chhuah zalen kan ni ta. Khawngaihna kan chan tawh hnu pawha sala la tâng cheu nia inhriate chuan khawngaihna awmzia leh thiltihtheihzia an varpawh lova. Pathian hna thawh an hre lo emaw, an awih lo emaw tal a ni ang. Bâwih ni lo tura chhuah zalen tawh (Gal 5:1) hnu pawha sala la tâng reng nia inhriate hi Kristâ ropuina hrilhfiah an ngai a ni.

(iv) Jacob Arminius-a (1560-1609) leh John Calvin-a (1509-1564)

John Calvin-a ngaihdan chuan mihringte hi turluih (forced) emaw duh lo chung emaw ni lovin, an rilru-in awn lam a neih tlat avanga duhthâla thil tisual thin an ni a. Tha ruma tihluihna emaw anmahni ni lo midang nawrluihna reng reng emaw a tel hauh lova, ama rilru puak chhuak ngata ti a ni a ti a.[24] Kawng lehlamah erawh chuan theologian dangte ang bawkin mihringin thil \ha a tih theihna kawng awm chhun khawngaihna a châwi vâwng hle a. Khawngaihna ngau ngau pawh hi midangte sawidan ang ngawt chuan Calvin-a hian a sawi leh pek lo. Khawngaihna bîk, (special grace) chhuan zawng zawng zinga Pathianin a thlan bîkte chauhvin an dawn chu a ni a ti kher a. Luther-a ngaihdan ang deuhvin sual bâwiha duhthlanna phuar beh (enchainment) thu a zirtir thin.[25] Calvin-a hian duhthlanna phuar beh thu hi pâwm bawk mah sela duhthlanna zalên tih thu hi a hnawl fithla \huai lo tih thu a puang a. Amaherawhchu hman sual a awlsam hle tih a hmuh chian em avangin hman loh tawp a duh a. Amah ngei pawhin a hman duh loh avangin midangte pawh hmang lo turin a rawn hial a ni.[26]

Calvin-a ngaihdan kalh zawng chiah hian Arminius-a chuan thupui a rawn chher chhuak ve a. Tupawh sim a, ring a, beidawng lova ti fan fantute tan Pathianin chhandamna a hawng reng a ni a ti a. Pathianin chhan leh vâng awm lovin mi a thlang satliah lo; mihringin Pathian kohna a chhan lêtnaah te, Pathianin min hriatlawknaa innghah tlatnaah te, rinna leh beih fan fannaah te a innghat zawk a ni. Tupawh a duh apiangten Isua Krista an rin theih nan khawngaihna tawk fang/zau tawk Pathianin a pe a ni. Chuvangin mi zawng zawng hi ring thei turin emaw Pathian khawngaihna hnâwl thei turin emaw an zalên tak meuh a ni. Chhandamna tling phâk khawngaihna (redemptive grace) hi khawngaihna bíng (particular) ni lovin huapzo khawngaihna (universal), hnar/hnial theih loh khawngaihna ni hek lovin daihzai khawngaihna (sufficient) a ni zawk tih hi a zirtir dan a ni. Mihringte duhthlanna hi a zalên a, Pathian khawngaihna nasa tak chuan chêp khawpin mihring zalenna chu a chungtlâk lova, a tinung (khawngaihnain zalenna a tinung) zawk a ni a ti a. Chu chuan Pathian khawngaihna a hnawl hauh lo.[27]

Sual sala duhthlanna phuar beh thu han thlir thuak chuan TMEF-te hi Calvin-a lamtang an nih hmel hle a. Amaherawhchu hemi chinah hian kan duh tawkpui ngawt thei lo vang. Calvin-a vek hian khawngaihna pawimawhzia sawiin chak lo mihringte chu khawngaihna hmang chuan awmze nei thei turin Pathianin a siam a ni. Krista ngei chuan khawngaihna avangin chhandamna chang thei turin min tinung a ni a ti a.[28] Eng emaw hun laia kan chauhpui kha eng emaw vang vêkin phelh a ni ta tih hi an thupui chu a ni tlat a ni. Chu phelhna hmanrua chu khawngaihna, Pathian thu thiam (theologians) leh Bible hrilhfiahtu zawng zawng pawhin an \awng chhan, Bible zirtirna kipui pakhat chu a ni.

Heng thu harsa leh inluhthelh nuai maite hi rilru fîm leh nger lam nei miah lovin han chîk chhin dawn teh ang. Miin khawngaihna avanga chhandamna a chan theih a (Eph 2:8), chumi vek chuan chhandam a nih theihna kawng khawngaihna chu a dawn tawh bawk si chuan (Joh 1:16) sual bâwihah a tâng tawh lo tihna a ni (Gal 5:1). Kristan sal tânna a\anga a chhuah zalen tawh avangin chu khawngaihna dawngtu chu sal an ni thei tawh lo. Krista chhuah zalen tawhte chuan duhthlanna zalên, zalen tak tak (zalenna, sala lo tâng tawh thin kha zalen tak tak tawhin) an nei nghal bawk a ni. Chumi hnu pawha sala tang tlat nia inhriate chuan phuarna phelhtu Isua Krista hi an la hre chiang lovin Ropuina Lalpâ ropuina an la pawh pha lo tihna a ni ang.

Heti a nih mek laia sualin khawvel leh mihringte a la tibuai reng si hian zawhna tam tak a siam tho va. Chu chu kan la chhui zui zel ang.

(V) Thurin Puanchhuah leh Inkhawmpui Pawimawh |henkhatten Duhthlanna zalên an Sawidan.

Mi ropui tak takte mimal ngaihdan leh pawmdan kan zir tawh a. Nimahsela mimal chhuidan leh hrilhfiahdan a nih miau avangin tehfung awm chhun leh dik lo thei lova ngaih theih a ni lo. Chuvangin hawizâwng inang lo tak tak, pawm leh hnâwltu eng emaw zât hmun tinah an awm \hin. Chutih rualin a chunga mimal kan sawite khi chu mi ropuite zinga langsar chungchuang, Pathian mi, mithiam leh chhui thûk tak takte an nih avangin an thu hi chhui tham leh zir chian tlâk a ni khawp mai. Mimal leh Kohhran pawhin innghah nan leh thu lak nan tak an hmang lo thei lo a ni.

Hun leh hmun a hrang ang zelin Pathian thu kalpui duh dan leh \ul dan a dang zel a. Kohhran lo pung zelin Pathian thu hrilhfiahdan hrang hret hret a pianpui zel bawk a. Mithiam dang an lo chhuak zel a, mahni Kohhran tâna hmehrem tumna (contextualisation) leh hrilhfiahtu dangte hrilhfiahna dik tawk lova hriatnate pawh a hluar zel a. Chubakah thu ngai \heuh \heuh pawh a hun lai azira hrilhfiahna hran ngai a lo ni fova. Kohhran ding tira buaina (theological controversy) an tawh leh a hnu lama an tawhte a lo dang hret hret a. Pathian thu hriatthiamna pawhin hma a sawn zel bawk. Hrilhfiahna leh thurin \henkhat, siam a nih laia \ha tawk tak kha ni-khua a lo rei hnu-in harsatna thar avangin a lo tawk zo ta thin lova. Siam \hat emaw ennawn emaw a ngai fo thin. Chuvangin Kohhran thurin pawh hi ennawn leh siam \hat a ni fo reng a. Kohhran hrang hrangte pawhin thurin inang diak diak lo kan neihna chhan pawh hi chu chu a ni thui khawp mai. Pawimawh kan tihzâwng leh kan mamawh a inan diak diak loh avang te, harsatna su kiang tura kan thu vuakthlâk duhzâwng inan loh vang te leh kan harsatna tawhte a inan vek loh vang te an ni ber.

Thurin/thuvawn hi a hun laia Kohhran thu kal tluangin hnialna emaw tibuaitu emaw a tawh avanga chumi laka mahni Kohhran vawnhim nana Bible behchhana duan a ni thin a. Hun rei tak a lo ral leh tikah chuan duan a nih laia harsatnate kha a kiang emaw, kha ti lo zawnga harsatna dang emaw a lo awm hian ennawn emaw thlâk hial emaw a lo \ul thin a ni (every theology has its own context).

Kohhran kalphung chu heti reng a nih avang hian mimal thu (theology) mai bakah inkhawmpui thurel leh thuvawn/thurin puanchhuahte hi ringtu mimal tinte nun kawng kaihruaitu pawimawh berte zinga mi a ni a. Mi pahnih-khat thu ni lova fimkhur mangkhênga mi thil chîk mi eng emaw zatin rem an tih tlan a nih thin avangin an thu chu thu tling a ni ta thin a ni. Chuvangin khawmpui lian \henkhatten duhthlanna chungchânga an thurel leh thurin an duan chhuahte kan zir ho dawn a ni.

Orange inkhawmpui vawi hnihna[29] chuan duhthlanna zalên chu (tlukna avangin) tihchak loh a ni a ti a. Mahse mihring thlarau emaw duhthlanna zalên emaw thih thu lam reng reng a sawi lo thung. Pathian khawngaihna a dah sâng hle a. Nunna kan neih leh theihna kawng pawimawh a ni a, Pathian khawngaihna avang chauhvin a duhzawng kan ti leh thei a ni a ti. Duhthlanna zalên, tlûkna avanga chhe tawh chu khawngaihna baptisma avangin siam \hat leh theih a ni tiin a puang chhuak a.[30]

Augsburg Thurin, (Augsburg Confession 1580) an tih chuan Thlarau Thianghlim kal tlanga Pathian khawngaihna azâra mihringte duhthlanna zalên a sawi bawk. He thurin hian pâwn lam nun mawi nun chhuahpui thei tura mihringin duhthlanna zalên (freedom of the will) an neih thu a nemnghet a. Mihringin Thlarau Thianghlim khawngaihna, tanpuina leh hnathawh tel lo chuan Pathian a pawm thei lova, a \ihin (fear) a ring thei lo. Kawng lehlamah chuan ama duhthlanna vekin mihringin sual kawng a zawh thei a ni a ti bawk. Mihringte duhthlanna zalên neih thu \an fan fan mah sela Pathian nena an inzawmna tak tak chu khawngaihna a ni tiin a sawi.[31] He thuvawn hian mihringte pâwnlam nun sawi langin chu chu mihringte duhthlannaa innghat a ni a ti a. Nun chhungrila Pathian tâ ni tura Amah pawm tur te, Pathian \ih (fear) leh ring tur te chuan Pathian puihna a ngai a ni a ti a. Hei hi chhhinchhiah a \ha khawp mai; \anpui leh tihsak tih thu, thu inkâr zim tak hi Augsburg Confession hian a hmang dik khawp mai. Thlarau Thianghlim tanpuina azâra duhthlanna a nih ber chu. Heta pâwnlam nun leh chhungril nun hi duhthlanna zalên leh duhna zalên (free will leh free choice) sawi hranna ni awmin a puh theih mai theih a. Mahse he Confession hian chu chu a tum lêm lo.

Mihring zalên, amaherawhchu sual hna thawh avanga thil engkim ti thei tawh si loten Pathian lam an hawi lehna dâl tum tlattu Setana chakna hneha Pathian hnena kîr leh thei turin A pui tihna a ni. Thil pakhat, zalên tih hi sawi chian a \ul. Pathian hnen a thlen theih tawh loh avangin mihring leh a duhthlanna chu a zalên ta lo tia ngaih tlatna a awm thei. Zalen tih hi duh apiang ti thei tihna a ni lova; duh apiang ti thei chu Engkimtithei (Pathian) tihna a ni zawk. Chuvangin Pathian thuneihna hnuaia kûn mihringte hi Pathian hnuaia duh thlang thei tura zalên a ni. Chu chu Pathian emaw Setana emaw hnâwl thei tura zalenna a ni a. Setana chu thlêm tlattu a nih avangin mihringin Pathian a pan dâwnin a thlêm tlat thin. Chu mi hneh chu mihringte tan hian thil har namen a ni lova. Thlarau Thianghlim puihna erawh chuan a thlang thei a ni.

Pathian leh Setana thlan leh hnâwl theihna hi Pathian aia indah chungnunna a ni tia ngai sual a awm theih. Thlanga hnâwl thei nihna hian Pathian a hnuaichhiah lo. Rorelsaka a ângchhunga a awm theih nan turluih loh duhthlanna thiang hmang ngeiin a aia ropui Pathian chu mihringin a thlang zawk a ni. Pathian a hnâwl hian a chunga thu nei tawh ngai lo turin a hnawt chhuak tihna a ni lova, a pawm lo tihna mai a ni. Nimahsela a pawm lohna chuan a nih tur ang a nih \hulhtir chuang lo. Pathian chu englai pawha Pathian, engkim chunga thuneitu a ni reng a. A pawm lotu pawm lohna avanga tla hniam thei a ni lova. Chuti a hnehin a pawm lotu pawm lohna chuan amah leh amah a intichhe zawk a ni. Chutiang zelin mihring pawh hian pawm tur dik tak Pathian a pawm tâk loh avangin amah leh amah a intichhia a ni. Mihring chu Pathian aia ropui zawk ni sela chuan thlangtu ni lovin thlan tur a ni zawk bawk ang.

Thurin (Confession) dangah lo pakai leh ta ila. Trent Inkhawmpui (Council of Trent 1563) chuan khawng takin, Adaman Pathian thupek a bawhchhe lui (transgressed) a. Thianghlimna leh dikna a neih thinte chu a hlohvin thu awih lohna avanga tihbawrhbana awmin a thlahte zawng zawng chuan sualna an inrochun chhawng ta zel a ni tih pawm lotute zawng zawng thiam loh a chantir (anathematized) a.[32]

Trent Inkhawmpuiin Adama sualna sawi nan bawhchhe lui (transgress) a hmang hian a sawi thui khawp mai. Sap \awng thumal, transgress tih hi tiam chin pêl, pêl (overstep), khûm (exceed), dan bawhchhiaa thil tisual emaw sual (sin) tihna a ni a.[33] Oxford Dictionary chuan bawhchhiatna, thu awih lohna etc. tiin a sawi bawk.[34] Heng hrilhfiahnate hian duh vang leh tum vang rênga bawhchhia tih a kâwk a. Chuvangin Trent Inkhawmpui hian duh vang rênga bawhchhiatna, duhthlanna fel fai tak hmanga bawhchhiatna a sawi a ni.

Dort khaw Inkhawmpui (Synod of Dort)[35] pawh hi a hmingthang khawp mai. He Inkhawmpui hian mihringin thinlung leh duhna thiang leh fîm tak a nei a ni a ti a. Nimahsela Setana fuihpawrhna avangin ama duhthlanna zalên chu hmangsualin Pathian lakah a hel ta a, amaha thilpek ropui tak awmte chu a lo chân ta a ni a ti bawk.[36] Inkhawmpui dang ang bawk: Setana fuihpawrh ni mah sela duhthlanna zalên hmansual tho kan hmu leh ta. He Khawmpui thurel hian a sawi tel pakhat chu tlûk hnua an thinlung leh duhna lo sak tâk thu hi a ni.[37] A lo sak ta. A bo emaw a thi emaw sawina phei chu a ni lo.

Orthodox Kohhran thurin lam pawh han hrût thuak thuak ila a huam zau thei deuhvin a rinawm. An thurin pawimawh ber, Confession of Dositheus[38] an tih chuan tlukna avanga mihringte chak tâk loh thu sawi hmasa zet a; amaherawhchu khawngaihna azârah zalenna a la awm cheu a ni a ti leh tho. He thurin nambar 14-na hian tlûkna avanga mihringte an derthawn tâk thu leh famkimna an hloh tâk thu a sawi a; nimahsela chhungril hriatna leh finna (intellect and moral nature) erawh chu an la nei a. Thil \ha ti thei tur leh thlang thei turin emaw sual huaa tlansan thei turin duhthlanna zalên a la nei cheu a ni a ti bawk. Mahse khawngaihna kal tlanga rinna tel lo chuan thil \ha tihna ringawt chuan min chhandam lo a ti thung.[39] Orthodox thurin pawh hian duhthlanna zalên a la awm ngei thu leh khawngaihna inrawlh thûkzia a sawi. Duhthlanna zalên pawimawhzia leh khawngaihna hnathawh hi thurin tinrengte thunawn a ni a tih theih.

Westminster Thurin-a (Westminster Confession of Faith)[40] a lan dan chuan mihring chuan a tlûk hma khan zalenna leh duhthlan theihna (power to will) a nei a. Chu erawh chu danglam zung zung thei leh nêm a nih avangin Pathian lak a\angin a pêng bo thei a. Tlûknaah khan kha’ng a thlan theihnate kha a hloh ta a ni. Sualah a thi ta a. Khawngaihna avang chauhvin chhuah zalen an ni leh thei a ni. Nakina Ropuina lo la awm turah chauh famkimna a awm tawh dawn a ni tiin Westminster thurin chuan a puang chhuak a ni.[41] He thurin hi chhûang takin TMEF chuan an la chhuak thin a (original version [English] ni lovin Mizo \awnga lehlin an râwn thin).[42] Heta TMEF lak chhuah thin kan tarlan piah lam hi a pawimawh hlei hlei emaw tih mai tur a ni. Hetia ka tih kherna chhan hi inchuk châk vang a ni lova; mahni duh lai tê chauh thupui hlawm khat emaw a\anga la chhuaka, hmun danga sawi belhna hlamchhiah leh hlauh si hian zawng chhuak ve thei lote leh remchâng lote a hruaikawi theiin kan behchhan mang mang pawh hre thiam kim lo leh hmuh thelh pheng phungin a sawi zau chiam theih a. Chuvangin kawng tinrêngah kan fimkhur a \ul a ni tih ka sawi duh a ni.

Westminster Confession bung 9, then 4-na kan en chuan misualte chu Pathianin a lamlêttîrin (Col 1:13; Joh 8:34, 36) khawngaihna changtu-ah a siamin sual bâwih ata a zalentîr a. Pathian khawngaihna avang liau liauvin thlarau lam thil \ha duh thei leh ti theiin a siam a. Nimahsela mihringa chhiatna la awm reng avang chuan thil \ha ngawt duh lovin a chhia pawh a la duh tho a ni tih kan hmu.[43] Tichuan thil \ha duhna emaw suala tlûkna emaw chu khawngaihna kan dawn hnuah pawh mihringte zalenna hnuaiah a la awm a ni. Khawngaihna dawn hnu-ah pawh zalen lova la inhriat cheuna leh khawngaihna dawn tâk avanga tlu thei tawh lo ang maia zirtirna hian belh chian a dâwl zo meuh lo a ni.

Robert Shaw-a chuan mihring duhthlanna hi thil (nung) hran teh chiam a ni lova. Westminster Confession-in a sawi anga mihring dinhmun chi hrang hrang heng-sual kai lo dinhmun, suala tlua a awm lai, khawngaihna hûang chhûnga a awm lai leh nakina ropuina famkim kan chan hun tur, dinhmun chi hrang hrang azira mihring rilru (soul) fîm thiltihtheihna (duhthlan theihna) inang lo thliah thliah hi duh thlanna zalên chu a ni mai a ti a, a pawmawm hle.[44] Hei hi en zui deuh a tul leh mai thei. Mihring hian a chunga kan sawi dinhmun chi lîte (tlûk hma, tlûk lai, khawngaihna dawn hnu leh nakin hun) khi kan pal tlangin kan la pal tlang \heuh dawn a. Heng hun chhûng hian mihring hian kan nunah thil tam tak kan tawng a. Duhthlanna zalên pawh mihring dinhmun hrang hrangah a awm reng tho va. Amaherawhchu a hnathawh dan a inang lo viau a ni. Khawngaihna azâra zalenna te, ropui huna famkimna te leh suala tluk laia zalenna te chu a inchen lo zung ang tih hriat sa a ni a. Nimahsela zalên a nihna a bo chuang lo.

Arles Inkhawmpui (Synod of Arles)[45] pawhin mihring duhthlanna zalên chu bo \hak si lova pawlhdal leh tihchak loh a ni a ti bawk. He Inkhawmpui thurel pawimawh tak takte chu: (1) mihringte thawh ve leh beih vena chu Pathian khawngaihna nen suihfin tur a ni; (2) mihring duhthlanna zalên chu bo \hak lovin pawlhdal leh tihchak loh a ni; (3) chhandam tawhte meuh pawh an boral leh thei a, tlu tawhte pawh chhandam leh theih an ni.[46]

Siamthat Kohhran thurin pakhat, Helvetic Thurin Pahnihna (Second Helvetic Confession, 1566) an tih thin hi pawmtu ngah tak, Heinrich Bullinger-a (1504-75), Zurich khuaa Kohhran siam \hatu Zwingli-a thlâktu hnathawh ropui tak a ni a. Mimal thila ama rinna puanchhuah nan kum 1561AD-a a ziah a ni a. Elector Frederick III-a ngenna angin a ennawn a, a belhchhah bawk a. Scotland leh Austria rama Pentecost Kohhran hovin an thurin atana an pawm hnu-in Hungary ramah (1567) leh Poland ram Siam\hat Kohhranhovin (1560/1570-ah) an pawm ve leh a. Dan ang thlap chu ni lo mah se (unofficial) France, England leh Netherlands rama siam\hat Kohhran pawhin an pawm ve leh a ni. He thurin hi Hungary rama siam\hat Kohhran te, Czech Republic-a Bohemian Brethren te leh pawl hrang hrang entir nan Presbyterian Church in United States of America (PCUSA) te leh Christian Reformed Church te chuan dan ang thlapin (official) an pawm a ni.[47]

He thurin hian tlûkna avanga mihring chak lohna leh hliam tuar ang mai a nihna te, chumi avanga thil \ha ti tura a chak lohna te, thil sual ti tura a zalen thung si zia te a nemnghet a ni. Nimahsela A duhzâwng duha ti thei bawk turin Pathian chu keimahni-ah a thawk reng a ni tiin a sawi bawk. Helvetic Thurin Pahnihna hian tlûk hmaa mihringte dikna leh \hatna a pawm a. Mihring ngaihtuah fimna leh hriatna (reason) hi tlûk hnu-ah pawh lâksak a ni lova, lung leh thing maiah a chang zo ta a ni hek lo. Amaherawhchu tihdanglam bâwih leh tihchak loh a lo ni ta zawk a ni. Chuvangin tlûk hmaa a thil tih theih thin kha a ti thei ta lo a ni. Duhthlanna zalên pawh chu duhthlanna sal tâng a lo ni ta a. Duh lo chung ni lovin lûngsi takin sual rawng a bawl ta zawk a. Pathian duhzâwng hria leh zawm thei turin duhthlanna zalên chu a chak tâwk ta lo. Dik takin, piangthar lote ngat phei chuan \hatna lamah duhthlanna zalên an nei tawh lovin thil \ha ti turin chakna (strength) reng an nei lo. Chutih lai vek chuan mihringte hi chutiang dinhmuna ding reng turin Pathianin a thlahthlam lo. A duhzâwng duha ti thei bawk turin Pathian chu keimahni-ah a thawk reng a ni tiin a tlip a.[48]

‘Keimahni-ah Pathian a thawk reng’ tih a nih avang hian kan duhna lo awm vête palzám leh thlauh thlain Ama duhdanin min chhandam bawrh bawrh mai tihna lam kâwka sawi a ni lo thung. Thlarau Thianghlim hmanga a hnathawh kal tlanga kan duhnate a tihnun hnuin Pathian kan thlangin kan ring thei ta a ni. He thurin vek hian piangtharte ngei pawh hi Adama hnuhma la châmbâng reng avanga thih thlenga chak lohna nei reng an ni tih a pawm tlat a ni.[49]

A chunga Thurin leh Inkhawmpui kan sawi tâkte khi kan la hmêlhriat lutuk lo pawh a ni mai thei. Tunlaia kher leh chai hlawh tak India Ram Presbyterian Kohhran (Presbyterian Church of India) Thurin Sawm Thlanchhuah (Confession of faith) pangana chuan mihring chuan ama duhthu ngeiin Pathian dan chu a bawhchhia a, thiam lohna leh chhiatnaah chuan amah a inbarh lut ta a…Isua Kristaah chauh chuan mihringte chu chhandamin an awm thei tiin a puang chhuak a.[50]

PCI Thurin hian zuam a hlawh ber a, chuvangin TMEF chuan dik tawk lo (thurin no.5-na) niin a ngai deuh a ni. Kawng khatah chuan Westminster Thurin sawidan thenkhatte chu dik hliah hliahin an ngai ang lawi a (Bible thu ang maiin). Chuvangin India Ram Presbyterian Kohhran Thurin (PCI Thurin) \obul tlem azâwng tar lan a \ûlin ka hria. John Calvin-a zirtirnain a hrinchhuah England ram kohhran thurin, Thirty-nine Articles an tih leh England leh Scotland Presbyterian Kohhran thurin bu lian Westminster Confession te ringin George Whitefield-a, Howel Harris-a leh Griffith Jones-a ten Wales ramah Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Kohhran lung an phum a. Kum 1811-ah Presbyterian Kohhran Upa thlandan hmang tanin Wales Ram Presbyterian Kohhran an din ta a. Thurin siam zuiin kum 1923-ah Bala leh Aberstwyth-a Inkhawmpuiin a pawm a. Chu chu Welsh Thurin (Welsh Confession) an tih tak chu a ni a, thurin (articles) 44 lai nei. Welsh Presbyterian Kohhran thurin tia kan hriat hi a ni. Zosaphluia khan Welsh Confession hi Mizo \awngin a letling a, thurin thlankhawm tih a ni. Tuna kan Thurin Thlanchhuah Sawm (PCI Thurin) hi India hmar-chhak Welsh missionary hmasaten Welsh Confession a\anga an siam a ni a, kum 1924-ah peih fel a ni. Pu Sandi-a khan kum 1925-ah Mizo \awngin a letling a, Thurin Sawm hi kan lo nei ta a ni.[51]

Welsh Confession emaw Thirty-nine Articles emaw Westminster Confession emaw pawh nise, an \ha-in an hlu em em \heuh va. Amaherawhchu khawi hmun emawa eng kohhranin emaw a zawng aza-in an thurin atan heng thil \ha zawng zawng hi a \humin an rut dial ngai lo. Kan sawi tawh angin theology tinte hian \obul leh sawi chhan/sawi tum an nei thin a (every theology has its own context), chuvangin thu ngai vêk kha hmun dang atan a rem thlap kher tawh thin lo. Chutiang bawkin thurin pawh duan leh hman a nihna ram/hmun/kohhran zia rem tura siam a nih thin avangin her rem te, belh leh thauh thlak \hen te a awm lo thei lo a ni. Chutiang kâra lo piang chhuak India Ram Presbyterian Kohhran Thurin pawh chuan Welsh Confession leh Westminster Confession zia rang thui tak a keng zel a. Pathian Lehkhabu Thianghlim rinchhanin tuna kan hmuh ang hi a lo piang chhuak ta a. Tu emaw rinthu mai a ni lo.

PCI Thurinin bawhchhiat thu-a ama duhthu ngeiin tia a sawi pawh hi sawi tam ngai pawhin a lang tawh lo. Zir chian fê hnu-a nemngheh theih, tlûkna lo thlen dan a sawi mai a ni. Amah a inbarh lut tih pawh chuti bawk. Hre reng chunga duh vang rênga tisualtu chuan hremna tur (penalty) a hriatsa rengah chuan a inbarh lut a nih loh chuan sawidan dang a awm thei lo.

A chunga thurin leh Khawmpui eng emaw zat kan sawi takte a\ang khian heti hian a tlip theih tawh ang. An zavai mai hian tlûk hmaa mihringte \hatna famkim an pawm \heuh va. Tlûk hnu-a mihringte nuna \hatna la awm cheu thu an sawi \heuh bawk. Amaherawhchu tlûkna avangin duhthlannate pawh chu a lo chak lo zo ta an ti \heuh va. Khawngaihna azârah duhthlanna zalên, lo chak lo fê tawh pawh chu tihnun leh tihchak lo ni lehin Pathian hnen thleng theia siamthar a lo ni leh ta tih an tarlang bawk. An vai mai hian Adama leh Evi-ten duhthlanna zalên hmang sual luia Pathian dân an bawhchhiatzia leh chuta mawh an phurh chianzia an pawm \heuh bawk. Rûl khan a thlem ngei a, nimahsela lûngsi taka Pathian hnâwlin pâwi an khawih ta zawk a ni. Heng zawng zawng kârah hian rem leh rem lova thu phuah chhuah chawp hram hram, duhna zalên (free will) leh duhthlanna zalên (free choice) awm hran thu leh thliar hranna hmuh tur reng reng a awm lo (a awm tia TMEF tanfung zawng zawng zir chian a nih hnua a dik theih loh zia tarlan a ni tawh). Thil awmsa lo leh sawi lan loh, amaherawhchu thil nihphung awm reng sawifiah nana thu thar phuah chawp a nih hmel viau a ni. Heng hi theology pian chhuah dan pawimawh tak a nih avangin kawng leh lamah chuan thil ngaihsanawm tak a ni.

Kawng dangah erawh chuan fimkhur a \ha. Pathian thu (theology) kan chher dawn reng rengin a lo berah pawh tarmit pathum heng-Bible nen a inmil em, Kohhran chanchinah engtin nge an sawi, chu chu a inhmet rem thei em (biblical, historical leh systematic perspective) ti chunga thil thlirna hi thil pawimawh tawp khâwk a ni. Bible-ah a awm ngei a nih pawhin a chîn chhuaka zirna (biblical exegesis) tel eih lova mahni ngaihdan leh hriatthiam dan chauh kal fawrpui chu a tawp khâwkah a fuh zîk tlûak thin lo.

Duhna zalên leh duhthlanna zalên theology dik lohna finfiahna ngawr ngawrah hian kan thu hi a tawp mai lo. Adama hun lai a\anga vawiin thlengin Pathian lak a\anga mihring helna reng reng hi Setana avang chauhva lo awm, mihring leh Pathian inkâr piah lam daiha awma ngaitute bona hi a thûk hle mai. Mihring chuan ama duh thu ngeiin Pathian rawng a bâwl tur a ni a. Chu chu Pathian pawhin a phût reng bawk. Tih theih loh nia ngaitu chuan sal tâng chhuahtu Isua Krista hnathawh a hre chiang lo a nih loh vek chuan a ngainêp hle tihna a ni. Pathian hnaih lohna reng reng hi Pathian kalsanna avanga lo awm a ni a. Tu emaw-in a tihhran a ni lo. Chu chu duh rêng vanga mihring tihsual pawi tawp khâwk chu a ni. Sualna chu tih tur tih lohna leh awm rengna tur hmun a\anga vah bona avanga awm a ni a. Chutiang rah pelhna zawng zawng chu duhthlanna zalên hmanga Pathian thu awih lohna a\anga lo chhuak vek an ni.

Chumi thu hriat thiam chu hmasâwnna pawimawh tak a ni nachungin a la tâwk lo cheu va. Chu duhthlanna hmang vêk chuan Pathian lam pana kir leh tur a ni. Pathian chakna tel lova hel nuaina a ni lo va, thiltih avang ngawta thiam chan tumna a ni hek lo. Kawng hawngtu Pathian ruahman, Isua Krista’n mihringte tana ban phâka a chhawp chhuah, Thlarau Thianghlim zâra mihringte mawhphurhna a ni. Chuvangin mihringte tan rinna avanga khawngaihnaa chhandamna kailawn hmasa ber chu duhthlanna thiang hmanga kan thih aia thia tho leh ta zawka tana nun chu a ni. Chu chu duhthlanna zalên hna thawh dan dik tak chu a ni; lûngsi taka tih tur dik tak Pathian zâra tih hi.

He thu hi thlei bîk nei lovin Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox Kohhran leh mi ropuite mimal thlirna hrang hrang a\anga zir bing a nih avangin a lai tawk hle-in a lang.

Chuti chung chuan Hodge-a, Presbyterian Pathian thu thiam hmingthangin Westminster Confession bung 9, then ii-v-na a hrilhfiahdan hian tlâng lo kâwm dawn ila:[52]

Heng (mihring) dinhmun hrang hrangah hian mihring hi zalên leh mawhphûr thei a ni reng a; kawng tinrêngah thlang turin emaw hnâwl turin emaw a duhzâwng a ti thei…Thil tih \an/bul \an theihna a nei a, pâwnlam a\anga tihtir ni mai lovin mahni ngeia che chhuak thin mihring a ni.

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[1] Alister E. McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction, 444.

[2] Ibid., 227.

[3] McGrath, Christian Theology, 442.

[4] The Cappadocian Fathers an tihte chu Basil of Caesarea (c 329-379 AD), a \hianpa Gregory of Nazianzus (c 329-390 AD), leh a nau Gregory of Nyssa (c 335-395 AD) te an ni a. Romho ram bial Cappadocia (tuna Turkey) khaw chhuak an ni. Tony Lane, Lion Book of Christian Thought (Tiruvalla: Suvartha Bhavan, 1999), 26.

[5] McGrath, Christian Theology, 442.

[6] John Calvin, Institutes vol. I, 227.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Alister E. McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction, 444.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Ibid., 444, 445.

[12] Reinhold Seeberg, Textbook of the History of Doctrines (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1958), 338.

[13] Augustine, Augustine: Earlier Writings edited by John Baillie, John T McNeill, Henry P. Van Dusen, (London: SCM Press Ltd., n.d.), 215.

[14] Ibid., 171.

[15] M.J. Langford, “Free Will,” A New Dictionary of Christian Theology, edited by Alan Richardson and John Bowden (London: SCM Press Ltd., 1983), 218.

[16] Martin Lurther, The Bondage of the Will, translated by James I Packer and O.R, Johnston (Tarrytown: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1957), 137.

[17] Ibid., 104.

[18] Roger E. Olson, The Story of Christian Theology (Secundarabad: OM Books, 2004), 137, 365.

[19] Ibid., 151.

[20] Rom 1:18ff: Mihring zawng zawng sualna te; Rom 3:9ff, 19ff: sual bawiha mi zawng zawng an awmna te; Rom 3:21-16: Krista rinna avanga chhandamna thu te; Rom 4:2-3: thiltih avanga Pathian hmaa thiam chan theih loh hulhualna te; Rom 8:5: thlarau tel lova mihring awmzia te; Joh 3:1ff: Nikodema chungchâng te; Joh 14:6; 3:18, 27, 31,36; 8:23: Krista avang chauhva chhandamna te; Joh 6:44: mihringin Chanchin |ha a rin theih lohzia etc la chhuakin Luther-a chuan duhthlanna zalên a hnawl fithla der a ni. Luther, The Bondage, 273-313.

[21] Martin Luther, The Way of Faith (Secundarabad: OM Books [2000], 2003), 51.

[22] Luther, The Bondage, 105.

[23]A famkimna kan chang \heuh, khawngaih chunga khawngaih leh chhawnna nen. Dan thu Mosian a pe, khawngaihna leh thutak Isua Krista avangin a lo awm (Joh 1:16-17).

[24] John Calvin, Institutes vol. I, 254.

[25] Ibid., 253.

[26] Ibid., 230.

[27] R.W.A. Letham, “Arminianism,” New Dictionary of Theology, edited by Sinclair B Ferguson and David F. Wright, 45

[28] John Calvin, Institutes, vol. I, 215.

[29] Second Council of Orange chu Bishop Caesarius of Arles (c 470-542 CE)-in AD 529-a a huaihawt a ni a. Augustine-a thu an dah pawimawh em em a ni. Sual tura ruatlâwkna thu (predestination to evil) a hnawl a; chu aiah chuan Pathian khawngaihna azârah a duhzawng kan ti thei \heuh a ni a ti thung. David F Wright, “Semi Pelagianism,” New Dictionary of Theology, edited by Sinclair B Ferguson and David F. Wright, 636.

[30] John H. Leith, ed., Creeds of the Churches (Louisville: John Knox Press, 1982), 40, 41. He inkhawmpui hian mihring hmasate sualna avanga mihringte duhthlanna zalên lo chak tak loh thu a nemnghet a. Hloh tawh chu a pe theitu chauhvin a hmuhkirtîr leh thei a ni a ti bawk.

[31] Ibid., 73, 74.

[32] Ibid., 406, 407.

[33] “Transgression,” The Chambers Dictionary (New Edition) (New Delhi: Allied Chambers (India) Limited [2000], 2001), 1763.

[34] James A.H. Murray, Henry Bradley, W.A. Craigie, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary (2^nd Edition), vol. XVIII (Oxford: Clarendon Press [1989], 2001), 403.

[35] He inkhawmpui (Synod) hi khawvel hmun hrang hranga Siam\hat Kohhran aiawh kal khawmten kum zabi 17na (AD) bul lama Netherlands rama thurin lama harsatna (Remonstrance) lo chhuak chinfelna atana an inkhawmpui hming a ni a. Inkhawmpui chu Netherlands sawrkar ngenna angin 1618-19-ah neih a ni. R. Nicole, “Dort, Synod of,” New Dictionary of Theology, edited by Sinclair B. Ferguson and David F. Wright (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press [1988], 1989), 207, 208. He inkhawmpui (Synod) hi Dort khaw State-General-in November 13, 1618-a a huaihawt a ni a, May 9, 1619 thleng a awh a ni. Palai 84 leh sawrkar aiawh mi 18 zet an tel a. An zinga mi 58-te hi Dutch mi an ni a, a dang zawng hi ramdang mi an ni. Phillip Schaff, ed., The Creeds of Christendom, vol. I (Grand Rapids: Baker Books [1983], 1993), 512.

[36] Ibid., 521, 522.

[37] Ibid., 522.

[38] Ibid., 61, 62. Jerusalem Inkhawmpui (the Synod of Jerusalem) an tih chu Patriach Dositheus-an March 1672-ah Jerusalem-ah a huaihawt a. He Inkhawmpui hi Khawchhak Kohhran (Orthodox Kohhran) tana Inkhawmpui pawimawh berte zinga mi a ni. He Inkhawmpui hi Protestant thurin leh an kalphung dolêtna tura ruahman a ni a. Thupui 18 zetah Orthodox thurin an sawi mawi a. He Inkhawmpuiin thurin a duan chhuah hi Confession of Dositheus an ti ta a ni.

[39] Ibid., 62.

[40] Appendix I en rawh.

[41] Westminster Confession of Faith (Glasgow: Free Presbyterian Publication [1976], 1995), 52, 53.

[42] Aizawl Theological College Faculty-in Mizo \awnga an lehlin. Cf. Rohmingliana, Theological Debate, 100.

[43] Westminster Confession.

[44] Robert Shaw, An Exposition of the Westminster Confession of Faith (Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publication, 1998), 158.

[45] Arles hi France ram chhim lama khawpui pakhat a ni a. He inkhawmpui hian Pelagius-a thu kalpui dan a paihthla nasa hle a ni. He Inkhawmpui neih hun dik tak hi hriat chian theih ni chiah tawh lo mah se AD 470 vela neih a ni awm e. McGrath, Christian Theology, 449.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Jasroslav Pelikan and Valerie Hotchkiss, eds., Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition vol. II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 471, 472.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Ibid.

[50] The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church of India, 1993.

[51] Vanlalthlana, “Mizoram Presbyterian Kohhran leh Thurin,” Didakhe, Vol XXX, No. 6 (Nov-Dec, 2001): 8.

[52] A.A. Hodge, The Confession of Faith (Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust [1869], 1992), 162.